뇌가소성을 통한 신학적 고찰 및 제언 - 캐서린 말라부의 파괴적 가소성과 신적 가소성 개념을 중심으로

김용극(Yonggeuk Ghim) 한국기독교학회 2021 한국기독교신학논총 Vol.119 No.-

캐서린 말라부(Catherine Malabou)의 가소성(plasticity) 개념은 헤겔의 『정신현상학』 서문에서 언급하였던 주체의 유동적 실체 개념에서 차용한 가소성 개념을 통해 새롭게 변하는 주체에 대한 사유와 더불어 세계와 사회구조에 대한 해석을 제시하는 개념이다. 말라부는 가소성에 개념에 대한 사유를 신경과학과의 대화를 통해 시도하고, 특히 뇌가소성(brain plasticity)을 통해 세계 안에서 시간적, 물질적 유한성에 한계에 부딪힌 인간의 본성에 대한 한계성에서 벗어나고자 시도한다. 말라부에 의하면 주체에게 보이는 가소적 성질은 뇌의 시냅스가소성(synaptic plasticity)과 같이 새로운 형식의 창조뿐만이 아니라, 기존의 형식을 파괴하며, 자기변형을 일으킬 수 있다고 주장한다. 자기변형은 갈등과 상처에 의해 생기며, 그 상처를 통해 기존의 연결성은 파괴되고, 새로운 연결을 창조할 수 있게 된다. 이러한 가소성의 특징을 바탕으로 말라부는 파괴적 가소성(destructive plasticity)이라는 개념을 제안하고, 이를 통해 인간의 정체성을 흔드는 파괴적 사건이 인간의 새로운 변화의 가능성을 이끌어 낼 수 있음에 주목한다. 특히 말라부는 새로운 변화의 가능성을 제시할 수 있는 매개로서 예수 그리스도의 성육신을 통해 신적 행위로서의 가소성이자, 신적 개입으로서의 가소성인 신적 가소성(divine plasticity)의 가능성을 제안한다. 본 논문에서는 예수의 성육신뿐만이 아니라, 부활과 재림의 의미를 파괴적, 신적 가소성 개념을 통해서 고찰하고, 20세기 이후 주류 신학 담론에서 밀려나고 있던 종말론에 대한 새로운 담론을 제언하고자 한다. The plasticity concept proposed by Catherine Malabou is one that, through plasticity concept borrowed from concept of subject’s fluid reality mentioned in the preface of Hegel’s Phänomenologie des Geistes (The Phenomenology of Spirit), provides the thought of the newly changed subject together with an analysis of structure of society and world. Malabou attempted thought about plasticity concept through conversation with neurology, and in particular, tried to escape from the limitation of human nature that was confronted with temporal and material finiteness in the world. Malabou argued that the plastic nature seen in subject not only creates new type like synaptic plasticity in the brain but also destroys old form and is able to perform self-transformation. The self-transformation stems from conflict and wound, through which old connection is broken and new one is created. Malabou, based on these characteristics of plasticity, proposed the concept of destructive plasticity. This concept explains that a destructive event that shocks the human identity may bring the possibility of new change in human. Malabou, in particular, suggested, as a medium through which a new media is suggested, the possibility of divine plasticity, which is plasticity as divine action through Jesus God incarnate and as divine intervention. This study reviewed the meaning of resurrection and second coming as well as Jesus God incarnation through the concepts of destructive and divine plasticity and suggested a new discourse about eschatology that has been marginalized from discourse in mainstream theology since the 20th century.

Long-term Synaptic Plasticity: Circuit Perturbation and Stabilization

Joo Min Park,Sung-Cherl Jung,Su-Yong Eun 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 2014 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.18 No.6

At central synapses, activity-dependent synaptic plasticity has a crucial role in information pro-cessing, storage, learning, and memory under both physiological and pathological conditions. One widely accepted model of learning mechanism and information processing in the brain is Hebbian Plasticity: long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). LTP and LTD are respectively activity-dependent enhancement and reduction in the efficacy of the synapses, which are rapid and synapse-specific processes. A number of recent studies have a strong focal point on the critical importance of another distinct form of synaptic plasticity, non-Hebbian plasticity. Non-Hebbian plasticity dynamically adjusts synaptic strength to maintain stability. This process may be very slow and occur cell-widely. By putting them all together, this mini review defines an important conceptual difference between Hebbian and non-Hebbian plasticity.

Crystal plasticity finite element analysis of ferritic stainless steel for sheet formability prediction

Kim, Ji Hoon,Lee, Myoung-Gyu,Kang, Joo-Hee,Oh, Chang-Seok,Barlat, Fré,dé,ric Elsevier 2017 International journal of plasticity Vol.93 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A crystal plasticity finite element analysis was conducted for predicting forming limits of a ferritic stainless steel. A virtual microstructure crystal plasticity finite element model, or a representative volume element (RVE), was developed, in which the behavior of grains was governed by a rate-dependent viscoplastic crystal plasticity model. To account for the variation in hardening of different slip modes, the model parameters of different slip modes in the bcc metal were obtained from the uniaxial stress-strain, longitudinal-transverse strains, and hydraulic bulge test data using an inverse method. A multi-scale framework, which combines the virtual microstructure models and the Marciniak-Kuczynski procedure, was developed and applied to the forming limit analysis of a ferritic stainless steel. Forming limits predicted using the combined slip mode compared well with the measurements when the {110}<111> and {112}<111> slip systems are operating and the {123}<111> slip systems are inactive. The influence of the slip system activity on the yield criteria and forming limits is discussed.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We conducted a crystal plasticity finite element analysis for predicting forming limits of a ferritic stainless steel. </LI> <LI> We developed a virtual microstructure model governed by the rate-dependent viscoplastic crystal plasticity. </LI> <LI> We obtained hardening parameters of different slip modes using an inverse method. </LI> <LI> We developed a multi-scale framework for predicting forming limits. </LI> <LI> Forming limits predicted using the combined slip mode compared well with the measurements. </LI> </UL> </P>

Evaluating the spread plasticity model of IDARC for inelastic analysis of reinforced concrete frames

Mehdi Izadpanah,AliReza Habibi 국제구조공학회 2015 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.56 No.2

There are two types of nonlinear analysis methods for building frameworks depending on the method of modeling the plastification of members including lumped plasticity and distributed plasticity. The lumped plasticity method assumes that plasticity is concentrated at a zero-length plastic hinge section at the ends of the elements. The distributed plasticity method discretizes the structural members into many line segments, and further subdivides the cross-section of each segment into a number of finite elements. When a reinforced concrete member experiences inelastic deformations, cracks tend to spread form the joint interface resulting in a curvature distribution. The program IDARC includes a spread plasticity formulation to capture the variation of the section flexibility, and combine them to determine the element stiffness matrix. In this formulation, the flexibility distribution in the structural elements is assumed to be the linear. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of linear flexibility distribution assumed in the spread inelasticity model. For this purpose, nonlinear analysis of two reinforced concrete frames is carried out and the linear flexibility models used in the elements are compared with the real ones. It is shown that the linear flexibility distribution is incorrect assumption in cases of significant gravity load effects and can be lead to incorrect nonlinear responses in some situations.

High Plasticity of the Gut Microbiome and Muscle Metabolome of Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in Diverse Environments

( Xiaowen Chen ),( Haihong Chen ),( Qinghua Liu ),( Kangda Ni ),( Rui Ding ),( Jun Wang ),( Chenghui Wang ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2021 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.31 No.2

Phenotypic plasticity is a rapid response mechanism that enables organisms to acclimate and survive in changing environments. The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) survives and thrives in different and even introduced habitats, thereby indicating its high phenotypic plasticity. However, the underpinnings of the high plasticity of E. sinensis have not been comprehensively investigated. In this study, we conducted an integrated gut microbiome and muscle metabolome analysis on E. sinensis collected from three different environments, namely, an artificial pond, Yangcheng Lake, and Yangtze River, to uncover the mechanism of its high phenotypic plasticity. Our study presents three divergent gut microbiotas and muscle metabolic profiles that corresponded to the three environments. The composition and diversity of the core gut microbiota (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, and Firmicutes) varied among the different environments while the metabolites associated with amino acids, fatty acids, and terpene compounds displayed significantly different concentration levels. The results revealed that the gut microbiome community and muscle metabolome were significantly affected by the habitat environments. Our findings indicate the high phenotypic plasticity in terms of gut microbiome and muscle metabolome of E. sinensis when it faces environmental changes, which would also facilitate its acclimation and adaptation to diverse and even introduced environments.

Improving the linear flexibility distribution model to simultaneously account for gravity and lateral loads

AliReza Habibi,Mehdi Izadpanah 사단법인 한국계산역학회 2017 Computers and Concrete, An International Journal Vol.20 No.1

There are two methods to model the plastification of members comprising lumped and distributed plasticity. When a reinforced concrete member experiences inelastic deformations, cracks tend to spread from the joint interface resulting in a curvature distribution; therefore, the lumped plasticity methods assuming plasticity is concentrated at a zero-length plastic hinge section at the ends of the elements, cannot model the actual behavior of reinforced concrete members. Some spread plasticity models including uniform, linear and recently power have been developed to take extended inelastic zone into account. In the aforementioned models, the extended inelastic zones in proximity of critical sections assumed close to connections are considered. Although the mentioned assumption is proper for the buildings simply imposed lateral loads, it is not appropriate for the gravity load effects. The gravity load effects can influence the inelastic zones in structural elements; therefore, the plasticity models presenting the flexibility distribution along the member merely based on lateral loads apart from the gravity load effects can bring about incorrect stiffness matrix for structure. In this study, the linear flexibility distribution model is improved to account for the distributed plasticity of members subjected to both gravity and lateral load effects. To do so, a new model in which, each member is taken as one structural element into account is proposed. Some numerical examples from previous studies are assessed and outcomes confirm the accuracy of proposed model. Also comparing the results of the proposed model with other spread plasticity models illustrates glaring error produced due to neglecting the gravity load effects.

Long-term Synaptic Plasticity: Circuit Perturbation and Stabilization

Park, Joo Min,Jung, Sung-Cherl,Eun, Su-Yong The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2014 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.18 No.6

At central synapses, activity-dependent synaptic plasticity has a crucial role in information processing, storage, learning, and memory under both physiological and pathological conditions. One widely accepted model of learning mechanism and information processing in the brain is Hebbian Plasticity: long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). LTP and LTD are respectively activity-dependent enhancement and reduction in the efficacy of the synapses, which are rapid and synapse-specific processes. A number of recent studies have a strong focal point on the critical importance of another distinct form of synaptic plasticity, non-Hebbian plasticity. Non-Hebbian plasticity dynamically adjusts synaptic strength to maintain stability. This process may be very slow and occur cell-widely. By putting them all together, this mini review defines an important conceptual difference between Hebbian and non-Hebbian plasticity.

인권에서 존재역량으로 - 가소성(plasticity)을 통해 성찰하는 공-산(sympoiesis)의 의미와 카트린느 말라부의 ‘파괴적 가소성’(destructive plasticity)에 대한 종교철학적 성찰 -

박일준(Iljoon Park) 한국종교학회 2021 宗敎硏究 Vol.81 No.2

This article examines a need for paradigm shift from human rights to existential capabilities through human capabilities. Instead of focusing on guaranteeing the socio-political-economic rights of human individuals, the idea of human capabilities has paid more attention to social systems to support people’s capabilities to live with dignity. However, the age of climate change and ecological crisis urges us to rethink our existential capabilities, because we humans are not self-productive(autopoietic) organisms but sympoietic ones, ‘making-with’ other beings on the planet. Humans already become cyborgs in that they constitute their own lives with other material beings as well as other living beings including human beings. These other beings include nonhuman beings and nonorganic beings like minerals. Our cyborg capabilities refer to our capabilities to extend our mental capabilities over artificial tools, devices and networks. This is called plasticity. However, we humans make the same mistake of naturalization over and over again when we interpret plasticity as flexibility, elasticity, adaptability and creativity, which are the contemporary conditions of labor market. In the name of science, we are naturalizing the capitalistic ideology. For Catherine Malabou, plasticity does not only means a resilience but also a destruction or annihilation of our existing social structures. This destructive plasticity refers to the creation of a new style of life with lesion due to accidents or diseases in life. Although Malabou sees here a ‘change without redemption,’ discourses on plasticity can shed light upon a humanistic interpretation of the symbiotic and sympoietic entanglement of beings, turning the plasticity discourse into a cyborg discourse, in which humans can make their own livings with other beings including nonhuman and nonorganic beings. This change does not seem to be without redemption but a vision of sympoietic capabilities of salvation, in which humans take their initiative for existential capabilities with other beings.

The Current Status of Brain-related Lessons and Their Relationship with Knowledge of Brain Plasticity

박수원 한국교원대학교 교육연구원 2020 敎員敎育 Vol.36 No.2

This study aimed to examine the current status of brain-related lessons and their relationship with knowledge about brain plasticity. A total of 955 pre-service teachers (349 for elementary school, and 606 for secondary school) answered survey questions about their experience taking a lesson involving brain knowledge. Among them, 514 (266 for elementary school, and 248 for secondary school) provided answers regarding their knowledge and beliefs regarding brain plasticity. The results showed that 30% had experienced having lessons about the brain. However, their knowledge of brain plasticity did not increase as a result of the brain lessons, except for one statement regarding learning and brain plasticity. Furthermore, beliefs about brain plasticity were positively related with perceived helpfulness and the importance of having knowledge about the brain for teaching. These results illustrate that current college education has little association with the knowledge about brain plasticity among pre-service teachers. Therefore, developing teacher training programs for enhancing belief and knowledge about brain plasticity is required.

Second-order analysis of planar steel frames considering the effect of spread of plasticity

Leu, Liang-Jenq,Tsou, Ching-Huei Techno-Press 2001 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.11 No.4

This paper presents a method of elastic-plastic analysis for planar steel frames that provides the accuracy of distributed plasticity methods with the computational efficiency that is greater than that of distributed plasticity methods but less than that of plastic-hinge based methods. This method accounts for the effect of spread of plasticity accurately without discretization through the cross-section of a beam-column element, which is achieved by the following procedures. First, nonlinear equations describing the relationships between generalized stresses and strains of the cross-section are derived analytically. Next, nonlinear force-deformation relationships for the beam-column element are obtained through lengthwise integration of the generalized strains. Elastic-plastic flexibility coefficients are then calculated by differentiating the above element force-deformation relationships. Finally, an elastic-plastic stiffness matrix is obtained by making use of the flexibility-stiffness transformation. Adding the conventional geometric stiffness matrix to the elastic-plastic stiffness matrix results in the tangent stiffness matrix, which can readily be used to evaluate the load carrying capacity of steel frames following standard nonlinear analysis procedures. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified by several examples that are sensitive to the effect of spread of plasticity.