1980년대 초 한국에서 언론과 과학계의 유전공학 담론

신향숙 ( Hyang Suk Shin ) 한국과학사학회 2013 한국과학사학회지 Vol.35 No.1

In the mid-1970s, the discourse on biotechnology in Korea was begun under influence of the recombinant DNA debate in the United States. Many news reports in Korea emphasized the negative aspects of genetic engineering when they delivered American debate on the recombinant DNA technology. At that time, mass media treated genetic engineering just as a gossip, not as the subject of scientific and economic debate. The success of the production of interferon in 1980s made the market and economic value of genetic engineering more visible. Accordingly, Korean media paid more attention to genetic engineering. Mass media represent genetic engineering as “modern Alchemy”, “miracle engineering”, “the third Industrial Revolution”, and “the last technological revolution of the century”, creating exaggerated and fantastic image during that period. Because these reports drew much public attention, genetic engineering became social issues in Korea. Then, the scientific community began to use the public interest as opportunity to promote the field of biology. The scientific community preferred the term “genetic engineering” instead of “biotechnology,” and used the image of “genetic engineering tree” to embody image of high technology, future technology, advanced technology, and all-around technology of genetic engineering. Through these strategies, the scientific community formed and developed a discourse on biotechnology, calling for policy support for biotechnology in Korea.

유전공학에서의 민사책임 - 민사책임 체계와 입법론을 중심으로 -

정진명 ( Chung Jin Myung ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2016 법학논총 Vol.40 No.3

오늘날 유전공학의 급속한 발전은 식량, 질병, 환경 등과 같은 인류의 미래문제를 해결할 수 있는 기회를 제공하는 반면, 다른 한편으로 인간의 건강 및 환경에 대한 잠재적 위험도 증가시키고 있다. 유전공학에 내재된 잠재적 위험은 아직 우려의 단계에 머물러 있지만 이러한 위험이 현실화 된다면 현재로서는 그 위험을 제거할 충분한 지식과 기술을 가지고 있지 않다. 그러므로 유전공학 작업에 대한 안전조치를 강화하고, 그로 인하여 발생할 손해를 배상할법적 규율을 마련할 필요가 있다. 유전공학은 유전공학 작업에 의하여 변형된 유기체의 생산 내지 배출을 목적으로 한다. 유전공학 작업은 모든 안전조치를 이행하는 경우에도 손해를 완전히 예방할 수 없기 때문에 유전공학 작업에 대한 법적 책임에 대한 규율이 필요하다. 우리나라는 유전공학을 규율하는 생명공학육성법을 가지고 있지만 유전공학 작업의 위험에 대한 책임 규정은 가지고 있지 않다. 우리나라는 아직까지 유전공학 작업으로 인한 사고가 보고되지 않아 이에 대한 법적 대응이미비한 측면이 있지만, 유전공학 선진국인 독일, 오스트리아, 스위스 등은 1990년대부터 유전공학법을 제정하여 시행하고 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 유전공학 선진국의 입법례를 모범으로 삼아 유전공학 작업으로 인한 인간 및 환경에 발생한 손해의 전보에 관한 민사법적 책임체계의 정립과 그 입법론을 시도하고자 한다. These days, while the rapid development of genetic engineering offers chances to solve the future of human problems such as food, disease, and environment, it makes get increasing the potential risks of human health and the environmental problems. The inherent risks of genetic engineering still stay on the level of concern. However, if the risks become to be realized, we do not have sufficient knowledge and skills to remove the risks at present. Therefore, it must be reinforced for the operation of genetical engineering and prepare the legal rules to work out for the damages caused by risks. Genetic engineering aims to product and release the modified organisms caused by genetic engineering tasks. Because genetic engineering tasks do not prevent the damage, even in the case of implement of all safeguards, it is necessary to make a rule of genetic engineering liability for the operation. Accidents caused by genetic engineering tasks have not been reported in Korea, so there is no a legal response to it yet. However, developed countries of genetic engineering, such as Germany, Austria and Switzerland have legislated and implemented the Genetic Engineering Act from 1990s. This article tries to make the system of civil liability and de lege ferenda about the compensation of human loss and/or damages and the environment caused by genetic engineering tasks within our civil liability system on the model of legislation cases in the developed countries of genetic engineering.

연구논문 : 한국 생명공학정책의 형성과 과학자집단의 정책 활동: 유전공학육성법 제정에서 "바이오텍 2000" 수립까지

김훈기 ( Hoon Gi Kim ) 한국과학사학회 2010 한국과학사학회지 Vol.32 No.2

Korean government`s support for biotechnology field began in early 1980`s. The main aim was economic growth through the application of biotechnology. Ministry of Science and Technology included genetic engineering as one prominent field in the Development Plan for Economy and Society(1982-1986), and National Assembly established Genetic Engineering Support Act in 1983. Ten years later, the overall ministries started to promote biotechnology in the name of Biotech 2000, and the main aim was still economic growth. But the substantive contents of Biotech 2000 were some distance from the aim of it, and all the more became weak in comparison with the situation in early 1980`s. This article showed that the scientists who were involved in the process of biotechnology policy formation had a decisive effect to the trend of governmental strategy. At first the scientists chose the genetic engineering field intentionally for persuading governmental officials to be worth money. Afterwards they tried to change the name of the field from genetic engineering to biotechnology because they wanted to be supported more broadly. There was some disagreement about the range of support within scientists group when they acted to make the Act. This led the uncommon definition of the field "genetic engineering" through a compromise among scientists. This study would help to understand the characteristics of early biotechnology field in Korea, and suggest the necessity of examining how much the opinion of scientists group has influenced the governmental policy until recently.

학술포럼 : 나고야-쿠알라룸푸르 추가의정서에 대응한 독일의 책임법리 -유전자공학법상 위험책임을 중심으로-

이경희 ( Kyung Lee Lee ) 한남대학교 과학기술법연구소 2011 과학기술법연구 Vol.17 No.2

We cannot deny the practicality of living modified organism (LMO) as an alternative to the development and supply of food resources which has become so called a global issue. Furthermore, the very purpose and method of LMO technology has rapidly developing as a production technology as well as an industry on its own. However, the development of LMO technologies is not also immune from the inherent risks that accompany with the development the modern industrial production, just as seen in the realities of modern industrial development. This is because it is believed that the phase when the scientific technologies are being applied on the production cannot be completely controlled. Despite the fact, the modern industrial technologies could continue to advance along with the corresponding legislation that was shaped as a result. This implies the task of establishing proper liability for damages and its related legislation is a precursor to such development for LMO technologies. Therefore, Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - which subsequently will be called Supplementary Protocol - signifies the advancement in provision of the international regulations and procedures for LMO liabilities between countries. We can expect this Supplementary Protocol to play the role of an international regulation equipped with legalistic unity as well as stability, which will be protected beyond regionalism. In addition, just as the probability of the litigation for LMO damage claims is rising, the environmental organization and the biotechnology industry have become more concerned about the issue. On one hand, the international legislation can play a more concrete and practical role only when accompanying a domestic legislation. In the case of Korea, we have the same problem of lawmaking for LMO technologies. Thus, this paper will examine through the regulations for civil liability according to Supplementary Protocol. We are also going to inspect the coordination between the international and domestic legislations for genetic engineering. Especially, the fact that the Act on the Regulation of Genetic Engineering of 1990 was the product of a long deliberation of German lawmakers, which was actually commenced from a counselor`s draft in 1978, implies in-depth concerns relating with this field. Such concerns for genetic engineering reveal the risky natures of field that cannot be completely controlled nor predicted. Of course, simply adopting Germany`s legislation for risk liability(Gefahrdungshaftung) in genetic engineering can be an inadequate response of Korean legal system to Supplementary Protocol. That`s why the theory of risk liability (Gefahrdungshaftung) should be accompanied by the reduction of Burden of Proof as well as Insurance Principle. For example, today`s Industrial Accident Compensation can hardly be viewed the same as the Damage Claims in civil law. Thus, if the risk liability(Gefahrdungshaftung) for the unpredictable nature of genetic engineering, which is the epitome of futuristic industrial technology, is to gain actual effect, the procedures for the reduction of Burden of Proof as well as Insurance Principle should also be considered.

해충관리에서 유전공학의 잠재적 역할

권기상(Kisang Kwon),김복조(Bok Jo Kim),유권(Kweon Yu),권오유(O-Yu Kwon) 한국생명과학회 2013 생명과학회지 Vol.23 No.7

유전공학은 대장균의 유전자조작으로부터 시작되어 지금은 생명과학전반에서 급속하게 발전하고 있다. 최근의 유전자조작기술은 특정유전자를 염색체 내에 넣고 빼고 하는 기술이 확립되어서 의학과 농학을 포함한 응용생명과학분야에서 유용하게 이용되고 있다. 본 리뷰에서는 높은 친환경성과 경제성을 가진 ‘지배적 치사곤충방사법’(Release of insects Carrying a Dominant Lethal: RIDL)을 중심으로 포괄적인 분자해충관리에 관하여 설명한다. 비록 현재로서는 RIDL을 직접 포장에 적용하기에는 아직 어려운 점이 많지만, 계속적인 유전공학기술의 발전을 통하여 농약을 사용하지 않고 생태계를 교란하지 않는 범위에서 사용될 수 있는 가장 좋은 해충관리방법 중의 한 가지가 될 것이다. 이때에 가장 고려할 점은 주위 환경교란부분에 많은 주의가 요구된다. Genetic engineering, which was started by the E. coli gene manipulation, has led to rapid development in all area of life sciences. Recently, genetic engineering, which is an insertion or a removal technique of a specific gene on chromosomes, has been established and is usefully available in the applied life sciences including medicine and agriculture. In this review, we briefly explain pest management focusing on Release of Insects carrying a Dominant Lethal (RIDL) that is a highly economic and environment- friendly method of biological pest control. Although at present RIDL confronts many difficulties in applying directly in fields, it will be one of the best methods for the pest management in the near future without pesticides and disturbing ecosystem by the continued development of genetic engineering. However, these powerful techniques must be considered with great care to avoid harm to ecosystem.

A GA-based Comparative Study of DI Diesel Engine Emission and Performance Using a Neural Network Model

Ehsan Samadani,Mohammadhassan Behroozi,Amirhossein Shamekhi,Reza Chini 제어로봇시스템학회 2008 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2008 No.10

In diesel engines, applying design techniques such as computer simulations has become a necessity in view of the fact that these methods can result in small amounts of NOx and SOOT and a reasonable fuel economy. To achieve such a target, multi-objective optimization methodology is a good choice In this paper, this technique is implemented on a closed cycle two-zone combustion model of a DI diesel engine. The combustion model is developed by Matlab programming and validated by a single cylinder Ricardo data obtained from the engine. The main outputs of this model are NOx, SOOT and engine performance. The optimization goal is to minimize NOx and SOOT at the same time while maximizing engine performance. Injection timing, injection duration and AFR (Air-fuel ratio) are selected from engine inputs as design variables. A neural network model of the engine is developed based on model data as an alternative for the complicated and time-consuming combustion model in a wide range of engine operation. Design variables are optimized using GA (Genetic Algorithm). Here, three common algorithms for multi-objective optimization, MOGA, NSGA-II, and SPEA2+ are applied and the results are compared.

Lessons from Clostridial Genetics: Toward Engineering Acetogenic Bacteria

이종민 한국생물공학회 2021 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.26 No.6

Acetogens are a group of bacteria that harbor the Wood-Ljungdahl or reductive acetyl-CoA pathway for fixation of CO or CO2 plus H2. Acetogens have been receiving great attention as biological catalysts for conversion of C1 gases into higher compounds since they are able to efficiently utilize these gases. Despite the industrial potential of these bacteria, however, metabolic engineering of acetogens remains difficult due to their little-known molecular biology in addition to the nature of strict anaerobicity. Fortunately, experimental techniques and genetic tools have been developed for the genus Clostridium, many members of which had been impervious to genetic modifications. Since commonly used acetogens belong to or are closely related to Clostridium, the lessons obtained from studies on other Clostridium spp. will be useful to establish experimental protocols and tools for the genetic manipulation of acetogenic bacteria. To this end, this review focuses on the basic techniques, genetic elements, and tools for metabolic engineering of clostridia, with key examples of their implementation in acetogens.

Optimization of the piston bowl geometry and the operating conditions of a gasoline-diesel dual-fuel engine based on a compression ignition engine

Lee, Seungpil,Park, Sungwook Elsevier 2017 ENERGY Vol.121 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This paper describes the optimization of the piston bowl geometry and the operating conditions of a dual-fuel engine based on a compression ignition engine using gasoline port fuel injection and diesel direct injection. KIVA-3V code coupled with a CHEMKIN chemistry solver was used for simulation and a micro-genetic algorithm was used as the optimization algorithm. The micro-genetic algorithm has a smaller population than a conventional genetic algorithm. And in the optimization, the proposed algorithm has six populations for each generation, sixteen variables composed of seven geometry variables and nine operating condition variables. As a result of optimization, a 9% improvement in the gross indicated specific fuel consumption and a simultaneous decrease of the overall NOx and soot emissions were achieved. Also, the amounts of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons were decreased. The baseline case has a re-entrant shape, while the optimized case has a shallow shape and a narrower spray angle. Furthermore, under operating conditions, the gasoline/total fuel ratio was increased to 90% (similar to a gasoline HCCI (Homogenous charge compression ignition) engine), the EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) rate was increased to 40% for dilution, and both the boost pressure and initial temperature were decreased.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Numerical analysis of dual-fueled CI engine is conducted using KIVA code. </LI> <LI> Optimization of operating conditions and combustion chamber is conducted using μGA. </LI> <LI> Operating conditions has greater effect to efficiency than geometry. </LI> <LI> High ratio of gasoline enables reduction of emissions and ISFC in dual-fuel engine. </LI> </UL> </P>

Recent advancements in bioreactions of cellular and cell-free systems: A study of bacterial cellulose as a model

Muhammad Wajid Ullah,마잘울이슬람,Shaukat Khan,Nasrullah Shah,박중곤 한국화학공학회 2017 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.34 No.6

Conventional approaches of regulating natural biochemical and biological processes are greatly hampered by the complexity of natural systems. Therefore, current biotechnological research is focused on improving biological systems and processes using advanced technologies such as genetic and metabolic engineering. These technologies, which employ principles of synthetic and systems biology, are greatly motivated by the diversity of living organisms to improve biological processes and allow the manipulation and reprogramming of target bioreactions and cellular systems. This review describes recent developments in cell biology, as well as genetic and metabolic engineering, and their role in enhancing biological processes. In particular, we illustrate recent advancements in genetic and metabolic engineering with respect to the production of bacterial cellulose (BC) using the model systems Gluconacetobacter xylinum and Gluconacetobacter hansenii. Besides, the cell-free enzyme system, representing the latest engineering strategies, has been comprehensively described. The content covered in the current review will lead readers to get an insight into developing novel metabolic pathways and engineering novel strains for enhanced production of BC and other bioproducts formation.

유전공학 발전의 근거 비판

강미정(KANG Mi-Jung) 한국생명윤리학회 2002 생명윤리 Vol.3 No.2

Genethics explores the ethical guidelines for genetic research and genetic engineering. This paper examines the morality regarding causes that encouraged the development of genetic engineering. In order to answer this , I analyze and criticize the world views and value systems of the modern society. The review of the literature reveals the following: First, the modern world view went through transformation from the traditional God-centeredness to human self-determinism. Futhermore, human beings aim at the enhancement of human species by eugenics, causing a serious modification in the concept of the morality. Secondly, the analysis of the modern value systems(instrumentalism) further shows that genetic engineering attempts to relate science to market in the name of human well-being and its maximization under the capitalism.