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강지수 ( Ji Soo Kang ) 영미문학연구회 2009 영미문학연구 Vol.16 No.-
The wilderness, in the form of forest, and the civilized court of knights and ladies often appear as binary oppositions in medieval European romances. The mythical inhabitant of the wilderness, the wild man, in turn, has been considered an oppositional figure to the knight. This essay tries to explicate the relationship between these oppositions by exploring two fourteenth-century Middle English romances where the courtly knights become wild men. In Ywain and Gawain the court and its representative knight are not the norm according to which wild-man figures and even an animal define themselves. Rather, Ywain not only compares badly against the monstrous shepherd of the wilderness, but also regains his knightly identity with the aid of a beast whose various images overlap with those of the knight himself. In Sir Orfeo, the harper-king exiled in the wilderness is empowered and able to restore his queen as well as his kingdom when he recognizes the element of brute force and death in a fairy hunting scene. It is my contention that the experience of wildness in the wilderness by the courtly knights align them with the force of nature that in turn empowers their civility and courtliness.
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Lady Off the Court: Nibelungenlied’s Criticism of Courtliness
Hwanhee Park(박환희) 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2021 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.81
『니벨룽의 노래』의 등장인물 크림힐트는 작중 궁정성(courtliness)에 대한 저자의 비판의식을 드러내는 인물이다. 궁정인다운 옷과 궁정식 사랑은 부르군트의 귀족 사회의 위상을 드높여 야만적인 니벨룽과 그들의 영웅서사시적 공격성과 대조를 이루게 한다. 비록 이 궁정적 면모를 드러내는 것은 남성이지만, 궁정적인 외관을 이루는 옷과 궁정식 사랑은 여성, 특히 크림힐트의 참여와 협조가 있기에 가능하다. 크림힐트는 궁정의 귀부인으로 궁정성의 표면상의 모습을 만들어내는데 핵심적인 역할을 수행한다. 그러나 크림힐트가 만들어내고 유지하던 궁정적인 외양의 의미는 다른 궁정인들 뿐 아니라 크림힐트 본인에 의해 변질된다. 궁정의 숙녀에서 복수의 화신으로 변하는 크림힐트는 옷과 재물로 표현되는 궁정성은 쉽게 벗겨지고 폭력과 파괴를 억제하는 데 효과를 발휘하지 못함을 작중 누구보다 명확히 드러낸다. 결과적으로 『니벨룽의 노래』는 궁정성이 폭력을 억제하고 공동체를 유지하는 데 활용될 수 있는 가치가 아님을 지적한다. The depiction of Kriemhild in the Nibelungenlied can be read as a criticism on courtliness as a value that attempts, but fails, to control the heroic age’s violence. Courtly clothes and courtly love function as ways to elevate the aristocratic society of the Burgundians over the wild Nibelungs and their heroic violence. Even though men are at the forefront of the courtly display, the material layers of courtliness in the work is made possible through women’s participation, especially Kriemhild. But the surface appearance of courtliness made possible and sustained by Kriemhild is corrupted by Kriemhild herself. Kriemhild’s shift from the lady of the court to the vengeful, demonized woman demonstrates that courtliness expressed through clothes and wealth are external layers that can be easily removed, causing violence and destruction to take over. As a result, the Nibelungenlied presents the shortcomings of courtliness as a value that suppresses violence and maintains a community.
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강지수 한국중세근세영문학회 2015 중세르네상스 영문학 Vol.23 No.1
This paper examines the significance in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ofthe poem’s explicit choice of destination for Gawain’s adventure, “thewilderness of Wirral.” The wilderness in an Arthurian romance is aconventional space of adventure and growth. This particular space in this poemis created in the geographically specific Wirral which happens to be part ofCheshire where our poet most likely is from and where Richard II based hispolitical and military support during his reign. This paper argues that theromantically charged space of wilderness is also an apt metaphor for Cheshireas the region as a whole was historically perceived as geographical, politicaland cultural periphery, dangerous but also beneficial. With its purely negativeconnotations, of its being remote and intractable, the wilderness may also be areflection of the hostile and prejudicial view many Londoners bore against theregion in the face of the king’s open favoritism and other criticism the king andhis court were drawing. The poem, it shall be seen, explores the possibility ofexpanding courtliness through all kinds of wildness characterized by its spatialmanifestation, wilderness. How this theme is played out against the impliedCheshire as wilderness in this Arthurian romance by a poet who is known forhis celebrations of courtly values and splendor in his other works during thetime of a king who so vigorously promoted courtly culture is the focus of thisstudy.
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