카제인으로 고결된 모래의 강도 및 내구성 평가

박성식,우승욱 한국지반공학회 2019 한국지반공학회논문집 Vol.35 No.1

About 3% of Casein is included in milk and it accounts for 80% of milk’s protein. It has an adhesive property when mixed with calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide solutions. It has been usually used to bond woods under dry condition but becomes weak when exposed to moisture. Such weakness is very critical when casein is applied for soil cementation under groundwater condition. Therefore, this study was aimed to protect such weakness by changing or adding certain ingredients of casein adhesive. Two types of cemented specimens were prepared with Nakdong river sand and tested for unconfined compressive strength and durability. Each specimen was mixed with casein or cement. Ingredients of casein binder suggested by the University of Wisconsin, which is called a standard casein recipe, was also prepared. This study tried 6 different types of casein binder recipe. Among them, one with 30% hydroxide calcium increase and 50% hydroxide sodium decrease compared with the standard casein was most effective. Based on the most effective casein recipe, cemented sand with 1-4% of casein ratio was prepared and tested. The unconfined compressive strength and durability index were 6,253kPa and 92% for the specimen with 4% of casein ratio and 1,500kPa and 62% for the one with 8% of cement ratio. Therefore, casein cemented sand showed better performance. In addition, over 3% of casein cemented sand had over 80% durability index.

Casein Supplementation Does Not Affect the Estimates of True Total Tract Digestibility of Phosphorus in Soybean Meal for Growing Pigs Determined by the Regression Method

Liu, J.B.,Adeola, O. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.11

Forty-eight barrows with an average initial body weight of $25.5{\pm}0.3kg$ were assigned to 6 dietary treatments arranged in a $3{\times}2$ factorial of 3 graded levels of P at 1.42, 2.07, or 2.72 g/kg, and 2 levels of casein at 0 or 50 g/kg to compare the estimates of true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of P in soybean meal (SBM) for pigs fed diets with or without casein supplementation. The SBM is the only source of P in diets without casein, and in the diet with added casein, 1.0 to 2.4 g/kg of total dietary P was supplied by SBM as dietary level of SBM increased. The experiment consisted of a 5-d adjustment period and a 5-d total collection period with ferric oxide as a maker to indicate the initiation and termination of fecal collection. There were interactive effects of casein supplementation and total dietary P level on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and retention of P (p<0.05). Dietary P intake, fecal P output, digested P and retained P were increased linearly with graded increasing levels of SBM in diets regardless of casein addition (p<0.01). Compared with diets without casein, there was a reduction in fecal P in the casein-supplemented diets, which led to increases in digested P, retained P, ATTD, and retention of P (p<0.01). Digested N, ATTD of N, retained N, and N retention were affected by the interaction of casein supplementation and dietary P level (p<0.05). Fecal N output, urinary N output, digested N, and retained N increased linearly with graded increasing levels of SBM for each type of diet (p<0.01). The estimates of TTTD of P in SBM, derived from the regression of daily digested P against daily P intake, for pigs fed diets without casein and with casein were calculated to be 37.3% and 38.6%, respectively. Regressing daily digested N against daily N intake, the TTTD of N in SBM were determined at 94.3% and 94.4% for diets without casein and with added casein, respectively. There was no difference in determined values of TTTD of P or N in SBM for pigs fed diets with or without casein (p>0.05). In summary, our results demonstrate that the estimates of TTTD of P in SBM for pigs were not affected by constant casein inclusion in the basal diets.

Bovine casein as a new soil strengthening binder from diary wastes

Chang, Ilhan,Im, Jooyoung,Chung, Moon-Kyung,Cho, Gye-Chun Elsevier 2018 Construction and Building Materials Vol.160 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Approximately one-third of the edible parts of food is lost or wasted globally. For milk, 18.1% of its annual production is lost or wasted due to insufficient storage, logistics, and freshness (expiration date) issues. Presently, the most common method of managing waste milk is disposing large volumes of waste milk into landfills, which raises concerns on groundwater pollution and local ecosystem disturbance. Casein is a protein-type biopolymer that consists of approximately 24.4 kg from 1 ton of bovine milk. In this study, casein is introduced as a new binder for soil strengthening in geotechnical engineering and dairy waste management purposes. Bovine casein is provided in a solution state for proper mixing with soil. Casein-soil mixtures with different casein contents are prepared to evaluate unconfined compressive strengths at both dried and re-submerged conditions. Experimental results show significant soil strengthening induced by casein treatment even after 24 h of re-wetting, which implies the potential of applying casein-soil mixtures for water-resisting purposes. Feasibility analyses for casein utilization from dairy and milk wastes are provided with socio-, environmental, and engineering aspects, showing both future opportunities and challenges of recycling casein as a soil binder in engineering practices.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Bovine casein is introduced as a new soil strengthening binder in this study. </LI> <LI> Casein-soil mixtures show sufficient wet strength after saturation. </LI> <LI> Wet UCS shows 480–750 kPa for casein-treated soils. </LI> <LI> Utilization of casein binders can contribute to reducing dairy and milk wastes. </LI> <LI> Casein treatment can be used to enhance erosion resistance of earthen levees. </LI> </UL> </P>

즉시형 우유 알레르기 환자에서 카제인 특이 IgE와 IgG의 유용성

임자현 ( Ja Hyun Lim ),정경욱 ( Kyung Uk Jeong ),이정민 ( Jeong Min Lee ),이경은 ( Kyung Eun Lee ),이수영 ( Soo Young Lee ) 대한천식알레르기학회 2015 Allergy Asthma & Respiratory Disease Vol.3 No.2

Purpose: Cow`s milk-specific IgE (CM-IgE) has been proposed as one of the valuable markers for diagnosis of clinical cow`s milk (CM) allergy. In this study, we evaluated the additional usefulness of casein-specific IgE (casein-IgE) and IgG (casein-IgG) for the diagnosis of clinical CM allergy. Methods: Fifty-eight subjects, aged from 3 months to 154 months, were enrolled. Thirty-four patients showed immediate-type of clinical CM allergy, and 24 patients were atopic controls. The serum levels of CM-IgE, casein-IgE, and casein-IgG were measured. Pa￢tients were divided into 2 groups: those aged under 12 months and those aged 12 months or over. The diagnostic values of each antibody were analyzed and compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test and receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: CM allergy had significantly higher levels of CM-IgE and casein-IgE, and lower levels of casein-IgG/IgE ratio when compared to atopic controls in both age groups (P<0.05). CM-IgE and casein-IgE were shown to be better predictive markers for immediate-type CM allergy in patients under 12 months, while casein-IgG/IgE ratio was a more useful marker in those aged 12 months or over. Considering 100% positive predictive values, cutoff points were 1.04 kU/L for CM-IgE, 0.11 kU/L for casein-IgE, 19.5 for casein-IgG/IgE ratio in patients aged under 12 months, and 7.1 kU/L for CM-IgE, 1.41 kU/L for casein-IgE, 12.51 for casein-IgG/IgE ratio in those aged 12 months or over. Conclusion: CM-IgE, casein-IgE, and casein-IgG/IgE ratio are useful markers for predicting immediate-type CM allergy. Further stud￢ies are needed on diagnostic decision points for CM allergy using combination of cutoff values of these 3 markers.(Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2015;3:139-144)

The effect of nanoemulsified methionine and cysteine on the in vitro expression of casein in bovine mammary epithelial cells

김태일,김태균,임동현,김상범,박성민,임현주,김현종,기광석,권응기,김영준,Vijayakumar Mayakrishnan 아세아·태평양축산학회 2019 Animal Bioscience Vol.32 No.2

Objective: Dairy cattle nutrient requirement systems acknowledge amino acid (AAs) requirements in aggregate as metabolizable protein (MP) and assume fixed efficiencies of MP used for milk protein. Regulation of mammary protein synthesis may be associated with AA input and milk protein output. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nanoemulsified methionine and cysteine on the in-vitro expression of milk protein (casein) in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T cells). Methods: Methionine and cysteine were nonionized using Lipoid S 75 by high-speed homogenizer. The nanoemulsified AA particle size and polydispersity index were determined by dynamic light scattering correlation spectroscopy using a high-performance particle sizer instrument. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was performed to determine the cytotoxicity effect of AAs with and without nanoionization at various concentrations (100 to 500 μg/mL) in mammary epithelial cells. MAC-T cells were subjected to 100% of free AA and nanoemulsified AA concentration in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12) for the analysis of milk protein (casein) expression by the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method. Results: The AA-treated cells showed that cell viability tended to decrease (80%) in proportion to the concentration before nanogenesis, but cell viability increased as much as 90% after nanogenesis. The analysis of the expression of genetic markers related to milk protein indicated that; αs2-casein increased 2-fold, κ-casein increased 5-fold, and the amount of unchanged β-casein expression was nearly doubled in the nanoemulsified methionine-treated group when compared with the free-nanoemulsified methionine-supplemented group. On the contrary, the non-emulsified cysteine-administered group showed higher expression of genetic markers related to milk protein αs2-casein, κ-casein, and β-casein, but all the genetic markers related to milk protein decreased significantly after nanoemulsification. Conclusion: Detailed knowledge of factors, such nanogenesis of methionine, associated with increasing cysteine and decreasing production of genetic markers related to milk protein (casein) will help guide future recommendations to producers for maximizing milk yield with a high level of milk protein casein.

Property Modification of Caseinate Responsible to Transglutaminase-induced Glycosylation and Crosslinking in the Presence of a Degraded Chitosan

Chang-Yue Zhu,Xiao-Peng Wang,Xin-Huai Zhao 한국식품과학회 2015 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.24 No.3

Transglutaminase at a concentration of 10 kU/kg of protein and degraded chitosan were used for glycosylation and crosslinking of caseinate at a fixed molar ratio of the acyl acceptor to the acyl donor of 3:1, a protein concentration of 50 g/L, a pH 7.5 at 37oC, and a reaction time of 4 h. Electrophoretic and chemical analyses showed glycosylation and crosslinking of caseinate. Glycosylated and crosslinked caseinate (GC-caseinate) contained glucosamine at 12.77 g/kg of protein, and the protein fraction had fewer reactable amino groups than original caseinate (0.58 vs. 0.64 mol/kg of protein). GC-caseinate exhibited an enhanced surface hydrophobicity, in vitro digestibility, water-binding capacity, and rheological properties, with poor protein dispensability and emulsification activity, but a similar oilbinding capacity and emulsion stability, compared with original caseinate. GC-caseinate also exhibited better properties than transglutaminase-crosslinked caseinate. Glycosylation and crosslinking was effective for better water-binding and rheological properties of caseinate.

A Milk Protein, Casein, as a Proliferation Promoting Factor in Prostate Cancer Cells

박성우,김주영,김유선,이상진,이상돈,정문기 대한남성과학회 2014 The World Journal of Men's Health Vol.32 No.2

Purpose: Despite most epidemiologic studies reporting that an increase in milk intake affects the growth of prostate cancer, the results of experimental studies are not consistent. In this study, we investigated the proliferation of prostate cancer cells treated with casein, the main protein in milk.Materials and Methods: Prostate cancer cells (LNCaP and PC3), lung cancer cells (A459), stomach cancer cells (SNU484), breast cancer cells (MCF7), immortalized human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293), and immortalized normal prostate cells (RWPE1) were treated with either 0.1 or 1 mg/mL of α-casein and total casein extracted from bovine milk. Treatments were carried out in serum-free media for 72 hours. The proliferation of each cell line was evaluated by an 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: α-Casein and total casein did not affect the proliferations of RWPE1, HEK293, A459, SNU484, MCF7, HEK293, or RWPE1 cells. However, PC3 cells treated with 1 mg/mL of α-casein and casein showed increased proliferation (228% and 166%, respectively), and the proliferation of LNCaP cells was also enhanced by 134% and 142%, respectively. The proliferation mechanism of α-casein in PC3 and LNCaP cells did not appear to be related to the induction of Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), since the level of IGF-1 did not change upon the supplementation of casein.Conclusions: The milk protein, casein, promotes the proliferation of prostate cancer cells such as PC3 and LNCaP.

F. P. L. C에 의한 Cheddar cheese casein의 分離

김민배 順天大學校 師範大學 附屬 科學敎育硏究所 1995 科學과 敎育 Vol.3 No.-

The separation of Cheddar cheese caseins by fast protein liquid chromatography has been investigated by gel filtration on a column of Superose 12 HR/30. The elution profiles of Cheddar cheese caseins were separated into 5 discrete fractions and confirmed the eluted fraction 1 was k-casein, fraction 2 was ?? -casein and β-casein, and fraction 3 was αs₁ -I -casein.

대두단백질 및 카제인 섭취가 병아리의 혈액 Cholesterol 함량에 미치는 영향 비교

지규만(Kew Mahn Chee),김영미(Young Mee Kim),전지영(Jee Young Juhn),최인숙(In Sook Choi),오미향(Mi-Hyang Oh) 韓國家禽學會 2010 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.37 No.1

대두단백질(ISP)이 혈액 콜레스테롤 농도에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여, 카제인, 어분, 쌀단백질, 옥수수 단백질(글루텐 밀) 등과 함께 이들을 각각 함유한 반정제(semi-purified) 사료를 2주간 병아리에게 급여하였다. 병아리는 쥐에 비해 혈액 콜레스테롤에 예민하게 반응하며, 인체의 지질 실험 모델로 더 적합한 동물이다. 각 단백질 사료 마다 NRC 요구량을 기준하여 부족한 필수아미노산(lysine, arginine 등)을 첨가하였다. 모든 실험 사료는 강제 급이 방식으로 1일 3회 급여하여 아미노산을 제외한 모든 영양소의 섭취량을 동일하게 하였다. 실험 2에서는 모든 사료에 콜레스테롤을 0.3% 수준으로 첨가하여 급여하였다. 카제인군의 병아리 증체량이 두 실험 모두 가장 저조하였고(P<0.05), 대두단백질과 어분군의 성장률이 가장 좋았다. 카제인군은 실험 1, 2에서 혈액 총콜레스테롤, non-HDL 콜레스테롤, TG 함량이 유의하게 가장 높았고, 대두단백질 군은 다른 단백질군(쌀 · 옥수수단백질, 어분)과 대체로 비슷한 수준을 보였다. 어분군은 실험 2에서 혈액 콜레스테롤이 대두 · 쌀 · 옥수수단백질군 보다 유의하게 더 높았다. 카제인군은 간 중량이 두 실험 모두 가장 무거웠고 간의 콜레스테롤 및 총지질 함량 도 가장 많았다. 반면에 어분군은 콜레스테롤 함량을 제외하고 대두 · 쌀 · 옥수수단백질 군과 같은 수준을 보였다. 카제인군에서 나타난 고콜레스테롤혈증(hypercholesterolemia)은 전형적인 Lys- Arg 길항 작용에 의한 결과이며, 카제인을 섭취한 대부분의 동물에서 나타나는 현상이다. 반면에 대두단백질과 쌀단백질, 옥수수단백질 및 어분군의 혈중 콜레스테롤 함량이 비슷하게 나타나는 것은 사료 Lys/Arg 비율이 카제인만큼 심하게 높지 않기 때문이라고 생각된다. 결론적으로 대두단백질군의 저콜레스테롤 혈증(hypocholesterolemia)은 카제인에 비교할 때만 나타나는 상대적인 현상으로, 대두단백질 자체가 혈중 콜레스테롤을 저하시킬 수 있는 독자적인 기능을 갖고 있지 않다고 판단된다. Hypocholesterolemic effect of soy protein was examined in comparison with casein and three other dietary protein sources in chicks. In two feeding trials, 40 (Expt.1) or 50 (Expt. 2), three-day-old, male chicks were forced-fed each of five semi-purified-type diets containing isolated soy protein (ISP, cp 82%), casein (cp 92%), rice protein (RP, cp 70%), corn gluten meal (CGM, cp 65%) or fish meal (FM, cp 70%) for two weeks. The diets for Expt. 2 were supplemented with 0.3% cholesterol by replacing glucose. Each protein source was the only source of protein of each diet. Essential amino acids were added to the diets to satisfy their requirements according to NRC. The diets were forced-fed to equalize the intake of all nutrients except the amino acids which were inherently variable in the diets. Chicks fed casein showed lower body weight gain than those fed the other proteins in both experiments. Birds fed ISP and FM gained better body weight than the others. Chicks fed casein showed significantly higher levels of plasma total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol (TG) than those fed ISP and the other protein sources. Meanwhile, the chicks fed ISP, RP, CGM and FM showed comparable levels of plasma total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and TG. In Expt. 2, the birds fed casein and FM showed markedly elevated plasma total cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol levels. Liver weight and levels of total lipids and cholesterol of chicks fed casein appeared significantly higher than those of the other protein diets, whereas those of the chicks fed ISP, RP, CGM and FM appeared comparable except cholesterol in FM group. In conclusion, only the chicks fed casein diets in both experiments always showed significantly higher levels of plasma cholesterol and TG compared to those fed ISP and the other protein sources. These results support the views that casein, which has unique lysine-arginine ratio, is inherently hyper-cholesterolemic, and ISP is hypocholesterolemic only when compared to casein.

실험적 Amyloidosis 형성에 관한 초미형태학적 연구

권건영,장은숙,백승조 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1992 계명의대학술지 Vol.11 No.2

This study was carried out to investigate the mechanism of experimentally induced amyloidosis in mice treated with casein. Eighty-five ICR mice, maintained on a stock diet, weighing 20:30 g, were divided into a control group and two experimental groups. Group 1. Control group (5 mice). Daily subcutaneous injection of normal saline for 4 weeks. Group 2. Casein group (40 mice). Daily subcutaneous injection of a casein solution. Group 3. Casein-endotoxin group (40 mice). Daily subcutaneous injection of a casein-endotoxin solution. The liver and the spleen of sacrificed naimals were processed and observed by light microscope, polarizing microscope, and transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Also some of the animals were given intravascular injection of a ferritin and an india ink solution. The results were as follows: On light microscopy, deposits of the amyloid protein were clearly demonstrated in the portal-periportal areas of the liver and the perifollicular regions of the spleen after 3 weeks, and by 4 weeks and 6 weeks the deposits were far more wide-spread to hepatic sinusoids and splenic red pulps. The amyloid deposits were similar but more striking findings were seen in the casein-endotoxin group. This group revealed a more prominent extravascular influx of plasma including ferritin or india ink particles than in the casein group. The amyloid fibrils were stained positively with Congo red and they showed green birefringence when viewed under a polarizing microscope. On immunohistochemistry, amyloid protein associated fibrils were identified. On electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), damaged blood vessels near the amyloid deposits revealed multiple endothelial gaps, a loss of identifiable basement membrane and variable degree of endothelial degeneration. Amyloid deposits were made up of nodular masses of randomly arranged nonbranching fibrils and seen mainly in extracellular areas. Closely connected with the amyloid deposits, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages contained numerous lysosomal dense bodies, elongasted dense inclusions and membrane bound fibrillar structure. In a later stage (6 weeks), irregular shaped phagosomes were found in the cytoplasm of amyloid forming cells. It can be concluded that: The vascular injury appeared to be caused by an immunologic reaction to casein. An addition of the endotoxin caused vascular damage and promoted amyloid depostion. The hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages were thought to play in important role in casein-induced amyloid formation. From this study, it is suggested that amyloid associated (AA) fibrils are polymerized in the cytoplasm of the amyloid producting cells by the proteolytic clevage of previously synthesized or serum derived amyloid A precursor protein.