Differential expression of HSP70 and SAPK/JNK genes in the cabbage aphid upon salicylic and dilute sulfuric acid treatments in canola

Dolatti L.,Mohammadi Z.,Eini O.,Babaakbari M.,Azimkhani R. 한국응용곤충학회 2020 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.23 No.3

Investigating the interaction between insect pests and host plants at molecular level, provides an insight for effective implementation of plant resistance-based strategies in insect pest control programs. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are found in all living organisms which protect them from biotic and abiotic stresses. Stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) are members of MPK kinases which also are activated upon cellular stresses. We investigated the effect of seed-primed canola plants with salicylic acid (SA) and the plants treated with dilute sulfuric acid on the regulation of two stress-related genes, HSP70 and SAPK/JNK genes in the cabbage aphid. The results of qRT-PCR revealed a statistically significant up-regulation of HSP70 gene expression in aphids feeding on sulfuric acid-treated plants in comparison with controls (P < 0.01). However, this gene was not regulated in aphids feeding on salicylic acid-treated plants. In addition, quantification of SAPK/JNK gene showed a significant effect in aphids feeding on SA-primed plants (P < 0.05) and a marginally significant effect in sulfuric acid treatment. Further, the expression of both genes were significantly changed in interaction effect between SA and sulfuric acid treatments. Finally, the induction of HSP70 and SAPK/JNK genes in this research might be related to activation of systemic acquired resistance in canola.

2,3-butanediol Induces Systemic Acquired Resistance in the Plant Immune Response

KyYoungPark,Yu Jung Kim,So Yeon Seo,Beak-Rock Oh,Jeong-Woo Seo 한국식물학회 2018 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.61 No.6

Plants harbor a wide diversity of microorganisms,which are involved in major plant functions such as nutritionand resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Recently, theimportance of the rhizosphere microbiome for plant growthhas been widely recognized. Therefore, we researched theeffects of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) in order to obtain insights intosystemic acquired resistance (SAR) mediated through reactiveoxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and pathogenesis-related(PR) gene expression. Syringe infiltration with Paenibacilluspolymyxa DSM 365 surprisingly mitigated cell damage, whichwas induced by the compatible plant pathogen Phytophtoraparasitica var. nicotianae (Ppn). Furthermore, syringe infiltrationwith 2,3-BD produced from P. polymyxa effectively enhancedSAR to compatible Ppn through down-regulation of ROSbiosynthetic genes (NtRbohD and NtRbohF) and up-regulationof ROS detoxification and PR protein expression. In addition,synergy between 2,3-BD and nonexpressor pathogenesis-relatedprotein 1 (NPR1) enhanced resistance to pathogen infection. Taken together, our study demonstrates the potential applicabilityof leaf and root-associated microbiomes as biopestcides toincrease efficiency and yield in agricultural systems.

Scopoletin Production Related to Induced Resistance of Tobacco Plants Against Tobacco mosaic virus

Kim, Young-Ho,Choi, Do-Il,Yeo, Woon-Hyung,Kim, Young-Sook,Chae, Soon-Yong,Park, Eun-Kyung,Kim, Sang-Seock The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2000 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.16 No.5

A fluorescent material was accumulated in inoculated leaves showing necrotic local lesions of tobacco plants with N gene, Nicotiana tabacum cvs. Xanthi-nc NN, Samsun NN, Burley 21 and KF 114, and N. glutinosa, and Datura stramonium at the early growth stages by the inoculation of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). It was identified as a coumarin phytoalexin, scopoletin. Although the material was most prominently produced in TMV-inoculated tobacco leaves with local necrotic lesions, its accumulation was also noted in uninoculated leaves of TMV-inoculated plants. Its accumulation was somewhat greater in high resistance-induced leaves than low resistance-induced and intact leaves. Scopoletin treatment induced the expression of a pathogenesis-related protein, PR-1, prominently at the concentration of 500 or 1000 ${\mu}$g/ml. This suggests that scopoletin is a phytoalexin abundantly accumulating in N gene-containing resistant plants in response to TMV infection, and may be related to hypersensitive responses (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in the resistant tobacco plants.

Transcriptome analysis reveals key defense-related genes upon SA induction in Cocos nucifera L.

C. Silverio-Gómez,J. Vega-Arreguín,G. Nic-Matos,M. Narváez-Cab,L. Sáenz-Carbonell,C. Oropeza 한국유전학회 2022 Genes & Genomics Vol.44 No.2

Background: Salicylic acid (SA) is an important regulator of genes involved in plant defense and pathogen-triggered systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Coconut is an important crop affected by several pathogens. Reported evidence suggests SA involvement in defense responses, including SAR in coconut. Objective: To identified differentially expressed genes in leaf and root tissues of coconut plantlets, as a result of SA, that might be involved in coconut defense responses. Methods: Comparative transcriptomic analysis by RNA-Seq of leaf and root tissues from in vitro coconut plantlets unexposed and exposed to SA 2.5 mM for 48 h. And in silico validation of gene expression by qRT-PCR. Results: We identified 4615 and 3940 differentially expressed unigenes (DEUs) in leaf and root tissues respectively. Our GO analysis showed functional categories related to the induction of defense responses, such as "systemic acquired resistance" and highly enriched hormone categories, such as abscisic acid. The most abundant KEGG pathway in our results was "Biosynthesis of antibiotics". Our findings support that exogenous application of SA to plantlets induced the activation of PRs, RGAs, ICS2, NLTP2, PER4, TRXM and some WRKYs mediated by NPR1-dependent pathways. Also, we found DEUs, such as BZR1, HSL1, and WHY2 that support that SA could regulate defense-related genes through NPR1-independent pathways. Conclusion: The present study of massive data analysis carried out on coconut plantlets exposed to SA, generates valuable information that increases our understanding of defense molecular mechanisms in coconut and open new venues for research for the improvement of management of coconut diseases.

Salicylic Acid Signaling: Biosynthesis, Metabolism,and Crosstalk with Jasmonic Acid

Pamella Marie Sendon,서학수,송종태 한국응용생명화학회 2011 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.54 No.4

Salicylic acid (SA) signaling plays an important role in local and systemic acquired resistance. Expression and activity of pathogenesis-related proteins are stimulated by the accumulation of SA, conferring resistance to pathogens. SA can be synthesized via the phenylpropanoid route or the isochorismate pathway and metabolized to form SA-glucoside and SA glucose-ester through glucosylation, and methyl salicylate through methylation. This summary focuses on genes involved in SA biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling. SA and jasmonic acid (JA) crosstalk has an important role in regulating induced defense against pathogens by exerting antagonistic effects. Therefore, results on crosstalk between SA and JA are also shortly reviewed. Further investigation on the molecular aspect of SA and JA antagonism, elucidating how these pathways are linked to each other, and how they resolve the complexity of host-pathogen interaction will provide a better understanding on SA signaling and plant defense.

Salicylic Acid Signaling: Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Crosstalk with Jasmonic Acid

Sendon, Pamella Marie,Seo, Hak-Soo,Song, Jong-Tae The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2011 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.54 No.4

Salicylic acid (SA) signaling plays an important role in local and systemic acquired resistance. Expression and activity of pathogenesis-related proteins are stimulated by the accumulation of SA, conferring resistance to pathogens. SA can be synthesized via the phenylpropanoid route or the isochorismate pathway and metabolized to form SA-glucoside and SA glucose-ester through glucosylation, and methyl salicylate through methylation. This summary focuses on genes involved in SA biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling. SA and jasmonic acid (JA) crosstalk has an important role in regulating induced defense against pathogens by exerting antagonistic effects. Therefore, results on crosstalk between SA and JA are also shortly reviewed. Further investigation on the molecular aspect of SA and JA antagonism, elucidating how these pathways are linked to each other, and how they resolve the complexity of host-pathogen interaction will provide a better understanding on SA signaling and plant defense.

Review : Salicylic Acid Signaling: Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Crosstalk with Jasmonic Acid

( Pamella Marie Sendon ),( Hak Soo Seo ),( Jong Tae Song ) 한국응용생명화학회(구 한국농화학회) 2011 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.54 No.4

Salicylic acid (SA) signaling plays an important role in local and systemic acquired resistance. Expression and activity of pathogenesis-related proteins are stimulated by the accumulation of SA, conferring resistance to pathogens. SA can be synthesized via the phenylpropanoid route or the isochorismate pathway and metabolized to form SA-glucoside and SA glucose-ester through glucosylation, and methyl salicylate through methylation. This summary focuses on genes involved in SA biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling. SA and jasmonic acid (JA) crosstalk has an important role in regulating induced defense against pathogens by exerting antagonistic effects. Therefore, results on crosstalk between SA and JA are also shortly reviewed. Further investigation on the molecular aspect of SA and JA antagonism, elucidating how these pathways are linked to each other, and how they resolve the complexity of host-pathogen interaction will provide a better understanding on SA signaling and plant defense.

Observations of Infection Structures on the Leaves of Cucumber PlantsPre-treated with Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Glomus intraradices after Challenge Inoculation with Colletotrichum orbiculare

Chung-Sun Lee,Yun-Jeong Lee,Yong-Chull Jeun 한국식물병리학회 2005 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.21 No.3

Resistance inductions on the leaves of cucumber plant by an arbuscular mycorrhiza Glomus intraradices were investigated. In addition, the infection structures were observed at the penetration sites on the leaves of plant inoculated with Colletotrichum orbiculare using a fluorescence microscope. The severity of anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare was significantly decreased on the leaves of cucumber plant colonized with G. intraradices compared with those of non-treated control plants. As a positive control, pretreatment with DL-3-aminobutyric acid (BABA) caused a remarkable reduction of the disease severity on the pathogen-inoculated leaves. There were no significant differences in the frequency of either germination or appressorium formation of the plant pathogen between mycorrhiza colonized and non-treated plants. It was also the same on the BABA pre-treated plants. However,the frequency of callose formation was significantly high on the leaves of G. intraradices colonized plants compared to those of non-treated control plants at 5 days after challenge inoculation. On the leaves of BABA treated plants callose formation was not significantly high than those of non-treated, although the disease severity was more strongly suppressed. It was suggested that the resistance induced by colonization with G.intraradices might be related to the enhancement of callose formation at the penetrate sites on the leaves invaded by the pathogen, whereas resistance by BABA did not

TMV에 의한 고추의 역병에 대한 전신획득저항성 유도

이성희,차재순,이주연 충북대학교 한국과학재단 지정 첨단원예기술개발 연구센터 1997 연구보고서 Vol.2 No.-

고추에 있어서 전신획득저항성 및 PR 단백질 축적과의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 TMV pepper strain을 고추잎에 접종하고 4일후 고추역병균 P. capsici를 고추줄기에 접종후 역병발생량을 비교하였다. TMV를 전접종한 고추에서는 TMV를 전접종하지 않은 고추에서보다 역병발생량이 크게 감소하였는데, TMV를 전접종한 고추의 역병 발병도와 병반길이는 역병접종 10일째에 TMV를 전접종하지 않은 고추의 약 50% 수준이었다. 담배의 PR1b와 PR5a 항혈청을 이용한 immuno-blot으로 추적한 고추의 PR1 과 PR5 단백질은 TMV 접종엽과 접종상위엽에서 TMV 접종 24시간후부터 세포간극에서 동시에 검출되기 시작하였다. PR1 과 PR5 단백질은 TMV 접종엽에서는 TMV 접종 4-5일후 잎이 탈락할때까지 그 양이 크게 증가하였다. PR5는 TMV 접종상위엽에서 TMV 접종후 그 양이 크게 증가하지는 않았지만 실험종료일인 TMV 접종 20일후까지 검출되었다. 이러한 결과는 고추에서 TMV 검염에 의해 역병에 대한 전신획득저항성이 유도되며, 전신획득저항성이 유도되는 동안 매우 빠르게 고추전신에서 PR 단백질의 생산이 유도되고, 생성된 PR 단백질들이 오래동안 유지됨을 암시하고 있다. Induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against phytophthora blight and PR protein accumulation by TMV in pepper plant (Capsicum annuum cv. Nockwang) were examined to understand the mechanism of systemic acquired resistance in pepper plant. The zoospore suspension of Phytophthora capsici was inoculated on stem of pepper plant on which TMV-pepper strain had been inoculated on fully expanded 3 leaves, and the amount of phytophthora blight incidence was determined with time course. Both disease severity and lesion length of phytophthora blight were much smaller in TMV pre-inoculated pepper plant than in uninoculated control plant. The amount of phytophthora blight in TMV pre-inoculated pepper was about 50% of uninoculated control plant's at 10 days after P. capsici inoculation. PR1 and PR5 protein were monitored in intercellular fluid of TMV inoculated and uninoculated upper leaves by immuno-blot with tobacco PR1b and PR5a antibody to find accumulation of PR proteins locally and systemically during induction of SAR. PR1 and PR5 were detected from 24 hours after TMV inoculation both TMV inoculated and uninoculated upper leaves, and increased rapidly in TMV inoculated leaves until th leaves were defoliated on 4-5 days after TMV inoculation. PR5 was not increased in uninoculated upper leaves as much as in TMV inoculated leaves, but it can be detected until 20 days after TMV inoculation. These results suggest that TMV infection induces SAR against phytophthora blight in pepper plant, and PR proteins is accumulated very rapidly after TMV infection systematically during induction of SAR and maintained for quite long time in pepper plant.

Suppression of UDP-glycosyltransferase-coding Arabidopsis thaliana UGT74E2 Gene Expression Leads to Increased Resistance to Psuedomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 Infection

박효준,백경희,권창섭,우주용,이길재,김영진 한국식물병리학회 2011 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.27 No.2

Plants possess multiple resistance mechanisms that protect themselves against pathogen attack. To identify unknown components of the defense machinery in Arabidopsis, gene-expression changes were monitored in Arabidopsis thaliana under 18 different biotic or abiotic conditions using a DNA microarray representing approximately 25% of all Arabidopsis thaliana genes (www.genevestigator.com). Seventeen genes which are early responsive to salicylic acid (SA) treatment as well as pathogen infection were selected and their T-DNA insertion mutants were obtained from SALK institute. To elucidate the role of each gene in defense response,bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 was inoculated onto individual T-DNA insertion mutants. Four mutants exhibited decreased resistance and five mutants displayed significantly enhanced resistance against Pst DC3000-infection as measured by change in symptom development as compared to wild-type plants. Among them, member of uridin diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase (UGT) was of particular interest, since a UGT mutant (At1g05680)showed enhanced resistance to Pst-infection in Arabidopsis. In systemic acquired resistance (SAR) assay, this mutant showed enhanced activation of SAR. Also, the enhanced SAR correlated with increased expression of defenserelated gene, AtPR1. These results emphasize that the glycosylation of UGT74E2 is a part of the SA-mediated disease-resistance mechanism.