탄소배출권거래제가 기업의 탄소생산성에 미치는 효과: 확률 프런티어 모형과 맘퀴스트 생산성 지수 모델을 중심으로

모정윤 산업연구원 2022 산업연구(JIET) Vol.6 No.1

In December 2020, the government announced the “2050 Carbon Neutral Promotion Strategy”. For the paradigm shift to a carbon-neutral society, it is necessary to prepare an evaluation index to see whether our society is effectively reducing greenhouse gases, considering two goals such as carbon reduction and economic growth. This study evaluates the carbon productivity of firms participating in the KETS by estimating total factor carbon productivity based on the stochastic frontier model and the Malmquist productivity index. In this study, carbon productivity is indexed by 26 detailed industries, and productivity levels across industries are compared and analyzed to present efficient carbon productivity improvement schemes for specific industries. From the empirical results, it is confirmed that the carbon productivity in Korea is higher than 1 on average during the observation period, resulting in a conclusion that productivity has been steadily increasing compared to the previous year, but the increase rate has been steadily slowing. It is also revealed that technological change is a main driver to increase the total factor carbon productivity. The industries with high carbon productivity are analyzed in the order of refinery, complex energy, telecommunications, food and beverage and aviation industries among the total 26 industries. On the other hand, cement, waste and mining industries are analyzed as those with low carbon productivity.

Is there a causal effect between agricultural production and carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana?

Phebe Asantewaa Owusu,Samuel Asumadu-Sarkodie 대한환경공학회 2017 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.22 No.1

According to FAO, “agricultural sectors are particularly exposed to the effects of climate change and increases climate variability”. As a result, the study makes an attempt to answer the question: Is there a causal effect between agricultural production and carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana? By employing a time series data spanning from 1960 to 2015 using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag method. There was evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship running from copra production, corn production, green coffee production, milled rice production, millet production, palm kernel production and sorghum production to carbon dioxide emissions. The short-run equilibrium relationship shows that, a 1% increase in copra and green coffee production will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 0.22% and 0.03%, a 1% increase in millet and sorghum production will decrease carbon dioxide emissions by 0.13% and 0.11% in the short-run while a 31% of future fluctuations in carbon dioxide emissions are due to shocks in corn production. There was bidirectional causality between milled rice production and carbon dioxide emissions, millet production and carbon dioxide emissions and, sorghum production and carbon dioxide emissions; and a unidirectional causality running from corn production to carbon dioxide emissions and carbon dioxide emissions to palm kernel production.

Applying Multi-Objective Planning in Low-Carbon Product Design

Tsai Chi Kuo,Hsiao Min Chen,Chia Yi Liu,Jui-Che Tu,Tzu-Chang Yeh 한국정밀공학회 2014 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.

In low-carbon product design, product environment, as well as economic and manufacturing capabilities, should be considered simultaneously. The purpose of this paper is to improve the product carbon footprint calculation efficiency. This study not only considers cost, supplier manufacturing capacity, and transport modes of product components from the viewpoint of low-carbon product design, but it also provides information on product GHG values, design phase cost, as well as the product decisions made by enterprises. In this way, enterprise objectives about carbon footprints and product cost can be met. Based on the product life cycle and product category specifications, this study, following the actual industry process flow, collects and calculates data on GHG emissions of components within the product life cycle, cost and supplier production capacity. The aim is to determine the operational parameters and constraint equations. Multi-objective planning is used to establish a low carbon optimal evaluation model. By reviewing carbon emissions in each phase, the study further determines whether or not to modify product structure and consumption in order to improve the efficiency of product carbon footprint calculation, reduce R&D cost, and help enterprises design low-carbon products. Finally, the findings are used for a case analysis.

기후변화 대응을 위한 탄소라벨링과 WTO규범에 의한 규율가능성

이소영(LEE, Soyoung) 대한국제법학회 2011 國際法學會論叢 Vol.56 No.4

기후변화에 대한 세계적인 관심이 지속적으로 증가하면서 우리나라를 비롯하여 많은 국가들이 탄소라벨링제도를 도입해오고 있다. 탄소라벨링은 제품의 전 과정동안에 발생하는 이산화탄소 배출량으로 환산한 탄소발자국을 제품에 표시하는 제도로, 소비자에게 제품의 친환경성을 비교 선택하여 제품을 구매할 수 있도록 유도하고자 한다. 하지만 탄소라벨링은 다자간 무역체제에서 무역장벽이 될 수 있다는 잠재적인 가능성 때문에 WTO체제 내에서 논쟁의 대상이 된다. WTO체제 내 탄소라벨링과 관련하여 검토해 볼 필요가 있는 이슈는, 첫째, NPR PPMs에 대한 기술규정 또는 표준이 WTO협정의 규율범위에 포함되는 가의 여부, 둘째, 탄소라벨의 부착으로 인한 제품 간의 차별 가능성과 환경친화적인 생산 및 공정과정의 여부에 따른 제품의 동종성 판단, 셋째, 비정부차원의 탄소라벨링이 WTO협정의 규율범위에 포함되는가의 여부이다. 이를 위해서는 기술규정, 표준, 그리고 기술규정과 표준에의 적합여부 판정절차를 다루는 WTO의 TBT협정을 중심으로 검토해볼 필요가 있다. NPR PPMs에 대한 기술규정 또는 표준이 TBT협정의 규율대상인가에 대해서는 아직까지 국가들 간 컨센서스가 없는 것으로 보이지만, 제품과 관련된 PPMs만이 TBT협정의 적용을 받는다고 보는 것이 WTO 회원국들의 일반적인 해석이라고 보인다. 환경친화적 PPMs의 여부에 따른 제품의 구분과 관련, 환경친화적인 움직임을 수용하려는 WTO의 현 입장을 고려했을 때, 제품의 동종성 판단을 위해 환경친화적 PPMs 요소를 고려할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 비정부차원의 탄소라벨링과 관련, 대부분은 TBT협정의 규율범위에서 벗어나는 것으로 해석되고 있다. WTO의 규율을 받지 않는 비정부차원의 탄소라벨링 표준은 투명성이 부족하고 소비자에게 혼란을 주며 무역제한적으로 작용할 가능성이 많다는 점을 고려하여, WTO는 비정부차원의 탄소라벨링에 대한 규제 필요성을 인식하고 이에 대한 논의를 지속하고 있다. 앞으로도 탄소라벨링에 대한 관심은 증대할 것으로 예상된다. 현재로서는 탄소라벨 관련 공통적인 국제기준이 존재하지 않는다. 하지만 이로 인하여 탄소라벨링이 다자간 무역체제에 무역장벽으로 작용할 수 있음을 인식하여, 현재 국제적으로 수용될 수 있는 탄소라벨링 관련 국제표준 개발이 활발히 진행되고 있다. With the growing concern over climate change, knowledge about the environmental attributes of products has become increasingly significant. Carbon labelling schemes have been introduced in many countries, including South Korea, to address climate change. By analysing the product’s life-cycle, carbon labelling tries to ensure that the products are environment friendly and harmless for the consumers. Carbon labelling, which provides information about a product’s carbon footprint and has the potential to facilitate consumer participation in climate change mitigation, can have a significant effect on consumer preferences. And the change in consumer preferences will eventually affect the trade flows among trading partners. Currently there are no WTO rules specific to climate change. However, the WTO is relevant because carbon labelling schemes are likely to present some concerns by hampering international trade flows from an international trade perspective. As carbon labelling schemes relate to trade, these measures may be subject to WTO rules and procedures. Carbon labelling schemes are likely to come under the TBT Agreement which covers technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures. The main question is whether technical regulations or standards on NPR PPMs falls within the purview of the agreement. Despite the lack of consensus, only the product-related PPMs are considered to be covered by the TBT Agreement. The question of whether or not the application of carbon labels to products provides them with any commercial advantage or disadvantage in the marketplace, and whether the discrimination of products on the basis of embodied carbon is permissible in the WTO jurisprudence are also raised in the context of carbon labelling in the WTO. Recent proliferation of private carbon labelling schemes also raises the question of whether the TBT Agreement is applicable to private carbon labelling. It is generally understood that most private carbon labelling schemes fall outside the purview of the TBT Agreement. These private standards are likely to defeat the very purpose of the TBT Agreement as they are not guided by any regulations and can be trade-restrictive. It is expected that carbon labelling will continue to gain in significance, especially from the WTO perspective. Lack of international standardization and the multiplicity of carbon labelling standards not only cause confusion but also diminishes their effectiveness in influencing consumers’ behaviors. Consequently, efforts are being made to standardize carbon labelling schemes at international level.

Carbon Risk and the Cost of Debt

( Sun-hwa Kim ),( Yong-ki Jung ) 한국회계학회 2017 會計學硏究 Vol.42 No.2

We analyzed the relationship between carbon risk and debt capital cost. The results indicate that debtholders charge a higher debt capital cost for firms with a high carbon intensity, indicating a risk of future cash outflows associated with carbon emission regulation imposed because of a firm`s high carbon emission level. Second, a firm`s high carbon productivity reduces debt capital cost because debtholders perceive the possibility of future cash inflows for companies with high carbon productivity. Third, a firm`s high carbon intensity and high carbon productivity do not affect the cost of debt, reflecting debtholders` sentiment that such a firm`s profitability will be offset by increases in carbon regulation compliance costs and investment to reduce carbon emissions. Finally, when firms with high carbon intensity and high carbon productivity in an excessive energy-consuming industry have high energy-related carbon emission efficiency, their debt capital costs are lower. The results show that, unlike equity investors, debtholders calculate carbon risk precisely and take not only carbon productivity but also carbon intensity and energy-related carbon emission efficiency into account. This study is the first to examine the relationship between corporate carbon risk and the cost of debt. As such, it makes several contributions. The results can help other capital market participants assess carbon risk: capital market participants can request that carbon emission indicators of other companies and those of the GHG and Energy Target Management Scheme companies are disclosed in the notes of a firm`s financial statement or business report; this is an important implication for accounting regulators.

Carbon Risk and the Cost of Debt

김선화,정용기 한국회계학회 2017 會計學硏究 Vol.42 No.2

We analyzed the relationship between carbon risk and debt capital cost. The results indicate that debtholders charge a higher debt capital cost for firms with a high carbon intensity, indicating a risk of future cash outflows associated with carbon emission regulation imposed because of a firm’s high carbon emission level. Second, a firm’s high carbon productivity reduces debt capital cost because debtholders perceive the possibility of future cash inflows for companies with high carbon productivity. Third, a firm’s high carbon intensity and high carbon productivity do not affect the cost of debt, reflecting debtholders’ sentiment that such a firm’s profitability will be offset by increases in carbon regulation compliance costs and investment to reduce carbon emissions. Finally, when firms with high carbon intensity and high carbon productivity in an excessive energy-consuming industry have high energy-related carbon emission efficiency, their debt capital costs are lower. The results show that, unlike equity investors, debtholders calculate carbon risk precisely and take not only carbon productivity but also carbon intensity and energy-related carbon emission efficiency into account. This study is the first to examine the relationship between corporate carbon risk and the cost of debt. As such, it makes several contributions. The results can help other capital market participants assess carbon risk: capital market participants can request that carbon emission indicators of other companies and those of the GHG and Energy Target Management Scheme companies are disclosed in the notes of a firm’s financial statement or business report; this is an important implication for accounting regulators.

탄소자원화 제품환경발자국(PEF) 산정 방법론 개발 방향 연구

최지나,이광원,안진주 한국에너지기후변화학회 2023 에너지기후변화학회지 Vol.18 No.2

With the recent interest of Net-zero as a key global agenda, the importance of assessing the environmental impact of products such as EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) has become more emphasized. Carbon upcycling is defined as a technology that recycles combustion exhaust gases, industrial off gases, and biogas as raw materials for other valuable products. This study summarizes the important factors that should be taken into account in developing PEF assessment methodology of such carbon upcycling products. Based on the carbon upcycling technologies proposed as key strategies in Korea’s net-zero related policies, representative carbon upcycling technologies have been selected and carbon upcycling products have been also classified into chemicals, fuels, polymers, bio-materials, and construction materials. In addition, key issues for life cycle assessment (LCA) are identified and the directions for accurate assessment of PEF for two types of carbon upcycling products- chemicals and fuels – have been suggested.

Forest Carbon Sequestration under the U.S. Biofuel Energy Policies and its Implications for Korea

( Do Il Yoo ) 한국농업경제학회 2013 農業經濟硏究 Vol.54 No.1

This paper analyzes impacts of the U.S. biofuel energy policies on annual additions to carbon stored in harvested wood products (HWP) and finds their implications for Korea. The annual addition is termed the HWP Contribution to forest sector sinks for U.S. national greenhouse gas (GHG) sinks and emissions reporting under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Estimation for HWP Contribution includes annual carbon additions to wood and paper products in use and in solid-waste disposal sites (SWDS). For this analysis, we hypothesize four alternative scenarios using the existing and pending U.S. energy policies where biofuels contribute different shares to total energy consumption. The U.S. forest products production and trade are projected to 2030 under each scenario using the U.S. Forest Products Module (USFPM), operating within the Global Forest Products Model (GFPM). Based on these projections, we estimate HWP Contributions under the Production-, the Stock Change-, and the Atmospheric Flow- Approaches provided by Intergovemmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories using the WOODCARB Ⅱ model developed by the USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory (EPL). Our estimates of HWP Contribution for the Production Approach in 2009 are somewhat higher than reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2011 (e.g., 22.64 Tg C/year vs. 14.80 Tg C/year) because assumptions for the USFPM/GFPM project housing recovery and wood consumption are greater than actual data for 2009. Projections to 2030 show that HOP Contribution under the Stock Change Approach is projected to be the lowest of the three approaches after 2009, which was the highest before 2009. the Stock Change Approach estimate is lower due to declining net imports. Even though scenarios differ in level of fuel wood consumption, there is not a large difference across scenarios in timber products production across alternative scenarios. The reason of little change in production and trade is that fuel wood expansion is accommodated mostly by differing increases of logging residue with relatively little difference in impact on other wood products production and trade.

Effluent Recycling of Liquid Carbonation with Carbon Dioxide Fixation using Industrial by-products

( Cheol Jin Jeong ),( Bumui Hong ),( Jin-won Park ),( Changsik Choi ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2015 한국폐기물자원순환학회 춘계학술발표논문집 Vol.2015 No.-

Mineral carbonation, the return technology of Carbon dioxide into the Nature as a generating source, has been studied by advanced countries. Industrial by-products can be used as economical resource for mineral carbonation. This study is intended as an investigation of effluent recycling of liquid carbonation with carbon dioxide fixation using industrial by-products. The nitrogen and carbon dioxide was used by mixing the same as the exhaust gas concentration 15vol%. Carbon dioxide absorbent was used as Mono Ethanol Amine (MEA) concentration of 5~30wt% and then concentration of carbon dioxide absorption were analyzed. After carbonation reaction, Concentration of dissolved inorganic cations and conversion of carbonation were analyzed by ion chromatography, thermogravimetric, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope(SEM). Effluent was recycled MEA and water using RO system. These results Confirmed potential of CO2 reduction and Utilization of carbonation using industrial by-products.

Quantification of Carbon Reduction Effects of Domestic Wood Products for Valuation of Public Benefit

( Yoon-seong Chang ),( Sejong Kim ),( Kwang-mo Kim ),( Hwanmyeong Yeo ),( Kug-bo Shim ) 한국목재공학회 2018 목재공학 Vol.46 No.2

This study was carried out to quantify degree of contribution of harvested wood product (HWP) on mitigation of climate change by valuation of public benefits, environmentally and economically. The potential carbon dioxide emission reduction of HWP was estimated by accounting carbon storage effect and substitution effect. Based on 2014 statistics of Korea Forest Service, domestic HWPs were sorted by two categories, such as wood products produced domestically from domestic and imported roundwood. The wood products were divided into seven items; sawnwood, plywood, particle board, fiberboard (MDF), paper (including pulp), biomass (wood pellet) and other products. The carbon stock of wood products and substitution effects during manufacturing process was evaluated by items. Based on the relevant carbon emission factor and life cycle analysis, the amount of carbon dioxide emission per unit volume on HWP was quantified. The amounts of carbon stock of HWP produced from domestic and from imported roundwood were 3.8 million tCO_2eq., and 2.6 million tCO_2eq., respectively. Also, each reduction of carbon emission by substitution effect of HWP produced from domestic and imported roundwood was 3.1 million tCO_2eq. and 2.1 million tCO_2eq., respectively. The results of this study, the amount of carbon emission reduction of HWP, can be effectively used as a basic data for promotion of wood utilization to revise and establish new wood utilization promotion policy such as ‘forest carbon offset scheme’, and ‘carbon storage labeling system of HWP’.