Life cycle carbon dioxide emissions for fill dams

Noh, Sookack,Son, Younghwan,Park, Jaesung Elsevier 2018 Journal of cleaner production Vol.201 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The construction industry including infrastructure construction, affects the environment due to the use of a considerable amount of resources and energy. The management of the environmental effect of dams for agricultural reservoirs is especially important in South Korea because of their large scale and nationwide distribution. The objective of this study is to propose an assessment method for evaluating life cycle carbon dioxide emissions associated with fill dams and to characterize carbon dioxide emissions to use in effectively addressing the environmental concerns for infrastructures. A total of four dams were selected for the research, and the material production, use of equipment and transportation were considered as the causes of carbon dioxide emissions at the dams. The effective life cycle of a fill dam was assumed to be 100 years. The results of the research indicated that the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions were different for each dam according to their characteristics, and the results showed that the dam size is the primary cause. In addition, the carbon dioxide emissions increased as the period of use increased, and a rapid increase was indicated in 40–50 years interval of the dams’ use periods because the repair activities were concentrated in those years. Materials were the biggest contributor in the amount of total carbon dioxide emissions at all four sites and the ratio of carbon dioxide emissions caused by materials was higher than any other factors in most processes. There was little difference in the proportion of carbon dioxide emissions for each process in the total carbon dioxide emissions for the four sites. Most carbon dioxide was emitted during repair activities at the two largest dams. Activities associated with the construction process was the major source of carbon dioxide emissions at the two other dams. This difference in process carbon dioxide emissions was the result of the difference in the construction scale for the embankment elevation. The assessment method that has been proposed in this study reflects the characteristics of fill dams, and the result of estimating carbon dioxide emissions indicates that we are able to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the life cycle of fill dams by selecting the construction materials and the repair methods with a low carbon dioxide emissions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We evaluated and characterized life cycle CO<SUB>2</SUB> emissions for fill dams. </LI> <LI> Material consumption was the major cause of CO<SUB>2</SUB> emissions in life cycle of fill dams. </LI> <LI> Most CO<SUB>2</SUB> were emitted during a construction and a maintenance stage in fill dams. </LI> <LI> Life cycle CO<SUB>2</SUB> emissions for fill dams were influenced by their scale, mainly. </LI> </UL> </P>

Is there a causal effect between agricultural production and carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana?

Phebe Asantewaa Owusu,Samuel Asumadu-Sarkodie 대한환경공학회 2017 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.22 No.1

According to FAO, “agricultural sectors are particularly exposed to the effects of climate change and increases climate variability”. As a result, the study makes an attempt to answer the question: Is there a causal effect between agricultural production and carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana? By employing a time series data spanning from 1960 to 2015 using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag method. There was evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship running from copra production, corn production, green coffee production, milled rice production, millet production, palm kernel production and sorghum production to carbon dioxide emissions. The short-run equilibrium relationship shows that, a 1% increase in copra and green coffee production will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 0.22% and 0.03%, a 1% increase in millet and sorghum production will decrease carbon dioxide emissions by 0.13% and 0.11% in the short-run while a 31% of future fluctuations in carbon dioxide emissions are due to shocks in corn production. There was bidirectional causality between milled rice production and carbon dioxide emissions, millet production and carbon dioxide emissions and, sorghum production and carbon dioxide emissions; and a unidirectional causality running from corn production to carbon dioxide emissions and carbon dioxide emissions to palm kernel production.

The relationship between carbon dioxide, crop and food production index in Ghana

Samuel Asumadu Sarkodie,Phebe Asantewaa Owusu 대한환경공학회 2017 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.22 No.2

The study estimated the relationship between carbon dioxide, crop and livestock production index in Ghana: Estimating the long-run elasticities and variance decomposition by employing a time series data spanning from 1960-2013 using both fit regression and ARDL models. There was evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, crop production index and livestock production index. Evidence from the study shows that a 1% increase in crop production index will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 0.52%, while a 1% increase in livestock production index will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 0.81% in the long-run. There was evidence of a bidirectional causality between a crop production index and carbon dioxide emissions and a unidirectional causality exists from livestock production index to carbon dioxide emissions. Evidence from the variance decomposition shows that 37% of future fluctuations in carbon dioxide emissions are due to shocks in the crop production index while 18% of future fluctuations in carbon dioxide emissions are due to shocks in the livestock production index. Efforts towards reducing pre-production, production, transportation, processing and post-harvest losses are essential to reducing food wastage which affects Ghana’s carbon footprint.

CEO의 위험회피 성향과 기업의 이산화탄소 배출량: 이사회 특성의 조절 효과를 중심으로

김윤진,권도균,이승혜 한국전략경영학회 2023 전략경영연구 Vol.26 No.3

이산화탄소 배출량 감소는 최근 기업의 중요한 화두 중 하나로, 다수의 기업에게 환경 문제 해결을 위한 활동은 더 이상 선택이 아닌 필수적인 활동으로 여겨지고 있다. 이와 관련해서, 선행 연구들은 기업 내 · 외부적 압력을 이산화탄소 배출량에 영향을 주는 주요 요인으로 보고하고 있다. 한편, CEO의 특성을 선행요인으로 주목한 연구는 상대적으로 드물게 이루어졌다. 이를 바탕으로, 본 연구는 CEO의 특성 중에서 위험회피 성향에 주목하였다. 구체적으로 CEO의 보상 구조를 바탕으로 위험회피 성향을 측정하여, 위험회피 성향과 이산화탄소 배출량 간의 관계를 살펴보았다. 또한 이러한 관계에서 이사회의 특성이 CEO의 위험회피 성향과 어떠한 상호작용을 하는지 분석하였다. 이를 검증하기 위해, 2011년부터 2021년까지, 1,226개(기업-연도)의 미국 기업을 대상으로 FGLS 분석을 진행하였다. 실증 분석 결과, CEO 위험회피 성향은 기업 이산화탄소 배출량에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 이러한 관계는 사외이사 비중이 높을수록, 그리고 이사회 규모가 클수록 더욱 약화되는 것을 발견하였다. 본 연구는 CEO의 위험회피 성향을 통해 탄소 저감에 유리한 CEO의 보상구조를 확인하고 나아가 이사회 특성의 조합을 조명하였다는 데에 기여점이 있다. Reducing carbon dioxide emission has been an important global agenda, and for most firms, activities to solve environmental problems such as reducing carbon dioxide emissions are no longer considered optional, but essential activities. Prior studies have reported that firms’ inside and outside pressures as antecedents of reducing carbon dioxide emissions. However, less studies have considered CEO characteristics. This study especially focus on CEO risk-aversion propensity as an important antecedent of carbon dioxide emissions. We further examine how board characteristics such as CEO-board tenure, proportion of outside directors and board size moderate the relationship between CEO risk-aversion propensity and carbon dioxide emissions. Using a sample of 1,226 (firm-year) sample in the United States from 2011 to 2021, we find that CEO with high level of risk-aversion propensity are more likely to increase carbon dioxide emission. However, we also find that such relationship weaken when proportion of outside directors and board size increase.

Strategy for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from maintenance and rehabilitation of highway pavement

Elsevier 2019 Journal of cleaner production Vol.209 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The operation and maintenance management environment of the national highway agency is expected to be further aggravated by increases in maintenance and rehabilitation costs and environmental costs due to aging road facilities. It is imperative to find a way to reduce life-cycle costs (LCC) and environmental costs (EC) associated with carbon dioxide emissions in road construction. A case study was conducted to select the maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) scenario with the lowest cost by taking into account carbon dioxide emissions. This was done using a hybrid of LCC analysis (LCCA) and life-cycle assessment (LCA) methods with three representative M&R scenarios: repetitive patching works, single milling and overlay works, and combined works, respectively. The case study analysis indicates that the most economical scenario according to the LCC is scenario 1, but when considering the EC directly linked to carbon dioxide emissions, scenario 2 is the most economical choice for the national highway agency at a carbon trading price of 42.27 USD/ton and above. This case study is the first international research effort linking long-term pavement performance and carbon dioxide emissions to provide a decision-making framework for the most carbon-efficient M&R strategy for roads.</P>

공간패널모형을 이용한 이산화탄소 배출량 결정요인 분석

김소연,류수열 한국지역경제학회 2019 韓國地域經濟硏究 Vol.17 No.2

This study analyzes the determinants of carbon dioxide emissions using panel data of 16 cities and provinces in Korea from 2000 to 2016. In particular, after testing the existence of spatial dependence in the model, we estimate the direct, indirect, and total effects of the explanatory variables on carbon dioxide emissions with the spatial lag model. As a result, we confirm that there is an inverted U-shaped Kuznets hypothesis between CO2 emissions and economic growth. The estimated coefficients of total effect of population density, trade openness and manufacturing weight variables on carbon dioxide emissions are statistically significant with positive sign. This implies the importance of population dispersion and balanced regional development in relation to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. This also suggests that an economic growth policy combined with export and import production activities utilizing eco-friendly resources and restructuring into low-carbon industrial structures are necessary. The estimated coefficient of total effect of urbanization variables has negative sign which indicates that urbanization above a certain level can reduce carbon dioxide emissions. 본 연구는 2000년부터 2016년까지 16개 시도의 패널자료를 이용하여 이산화탄소 배출량 결정요인을 분석하였다. 특히 모형에서 공간의존성 존재 여부를 확인한 후, 공간패널모형 중 공간시차모형을 통해 설명변수의 직접효과, 간접효과 및 총효과를 추정하였다. 분석 결과, 1인당 GRDP 추정계수 부호를 통해 이산화탄소 배출량과 경제성장 간에 역U자 형의 환경 쿠즈네츠 가설이 존재함을 확인할 수 있었다. 인구밀도와 무역개방도, 제조업 비중 변수의 총효과 추정계수는 통계적으로 유의미하게 양(+)의 부호로 나타났다. 이것은 이산화탄소 배출 저감과 관련하여 인구분산 및 지역균형발전의 중요성을 시사하고, 친환경적 자원을 활용한 수출입 생산활동 및 저탄소 산업구조로의 개편이 병행된 경제성장 정책이 필요함을 시사한다. 도시화 변수의 총효과 추정계수는 음(-)의 부호로 나타났는데, 이는 일정 수준 이상의 도시화는 이산화탄소 배출량을 줄일 수 있음을 보여준다.

유럽연합(EU)의 해운부문 온실가스배출규제 법안에 대한 고찰

김 상 만 가천대학교 법학연구소 2016 가천법학 Vol.9 No.1

유럽연합(EU)은 온실가스배출 감축을 위해 가장 적극적인 정책을 추 진하고 있다. 해운에서 배출되는 이산화탄소 및 기타 배출가스의 결과, 해운은 지구기후 및 대기에 영향을 미친다. 유럽위원회는 2013년 6월 28일에 해운부문 온실가스배출규제 법안 을 채택하고, 동 법안을 유럽 의회 및 유럽연합각료이사회에 제안하였다. 유럽위원회는 동 입법안에 대한 면밀한 입법영향평가를 실시하여 부작용을 최소화하였다. 2015년 4월 29일 유럽의회 및 유럽연합각료이사회는 위 법안을 「해 상운송으로부터 발생하는 이산화탄소의 감시, 보고 및 검수, 그리고 2009/16/EC 지침 개정에 관한 규칙( 해운부문 온실가스배출규제 규 칙 )」으로 의결하였다. 해운부문 온실가스배출규제 규칙은 2015년 7월 1일부터 시행되고 있다. 해운부문 온실가스배출규제 규칙의 궁극적인 목 적은 가장 효율적인 방법으로 해운부문에서의 탄소배출 감축을 촉진하는 것이다. 이 규칙은 유럽연합 회원국 역내항구간의 항해 및 유럽연합 회원국 역내항구로 입출항하는 5천톤급 초과의 상선에 적용된다. 검수기관은 탄 소배출보고서가 해운부문 온실가스배출규제 규칙에서 규정한 요건을 충 족하고 있는지 평가하며, 탄소배출보고서가 해운부문 온실가스배출규제 규칙을 충족하는 경우 검수기관은 해당 선박에 대한 합격서를 발급한다. 유럽연합 회원국의 역내의 항구로 입출항하는 선박들은 검수기관이 발행 한 유효한 합격서를 지녀야 한다. 이 규칙은 유럽연합의 회원국을 입출 항하는 선박에 적용되므로 해운사 및 해운부문 관계자들은 동 규칙을 이 해할 필요가 있다. The European Union (EU) enacted EC Directive on Emission Trading (Directive 2003/87EC) in October 2003 and other legislation to reduce greenhouse gas emission. Maritime transport has an impact on the global climate and on air quality, as a result of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and other emissions that it generates. On 28 June 2013, the European Commission adopted a Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transport and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013, and proposed it to the European Parliament and the Council. On 29 April 2015, the President of the European Parliament and the President of the Council signed the legislative Proposal as Regulation 2015/757 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2015 on the monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transport, and amending Directive 2009/16/EC . The Regulation entered into force on 1 July 2015. The Regulation lays down rules for the accurate monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and other climate relevant information from ships arriving at, within or departing from ports under the jurisdiction of a Member State in order topromote the reduction of CO2 emissions from maritime transport in a cost effective manner. The Regulation applies to ships above 5,000 gross tons in respect of emissions released during their voyages from the last port of call to a port under the jurisdiction of a Member State and from a port under the jurisdiction of a Member State to their next port of call, as well as within ports under the jurisdiction of a Member State. Companies shall monitor and report for every ship the amount and type of fuel consumed during a calendar year within each port under the jurisdiction of a Member State and for each voyage arriving to and departing from a port located under the jurisdiction of a Member State. Where the emissions report fulfils the requirements set out in the Regulation, the verifier shall issue a document of compliance for the ship concerned, and Ships arriving at, within or departing from a port under the jurisdiction of a Member State shall carry on board a valid document of compliance.

Development of a BIM-based Carbon Dioxide Emission Estimation System

Yong-Ju Lee,Han-Jong Jun 대한건축학회 2016 Architectural research Vol.18 No.4

Recently, a goal was set globally to reduce the Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) emission at national levels by 30 % in comparison to the Business As Usual (BAU) pursuant to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. As construction industry accounts for as high as 40 % of the CO₂ emission by the entire industrial sector in Korea, efforts toward reducing emissions from the construction industry are essential. Buildings are mainly responsible for CO₂ emissions, and, to reduce the CO₂ emitted from the buildings, a fast and accurate calculation method is required to be introduced in the architectural design phase. If the standardized data based on Building Information Modelling (BIM) is utilized, CO₂ emissions can be calculated quickly and accurately during the design phase. However, it is difficult for the designers who lack the knowledge regarding CO₂ emissions to reduce and manage such emission during the planning and design phases of buildings by estimating the quantities of various materials and the corresponding CO₂ emissions. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to develop a BIM-based CO₂ emission estimation system for a rapid and objective analysis and verification of CO₂ emissions.

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS IN THREE ASIAN COUNTRIES

Chang, Hee Jun 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2002 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.26 No.2

Carbon dioxide (CO_2) emissions in three Asian countries were examined in relation to each country's political economy. The different paths of energy consumption and carbon intensity are closely associated with the stage of economic development, technological innovations, changes in lifestyle, and the types of fossil fuels used. Changes in economic growth and fuel prices also affected CO_2 emissions by modifying the level of energy consumption and the choice of fuels. Yet, projecting future CO_2 emissions in these countries is uncertain and depends on multiple factors, including a government's willingness to reduce CO_2 emissions. Different paths of CO_2 emissions in each country suggest the need for local studies to understand the driving forces of human dimensions of global climate change.

The Relationship between Good Governance and Carbon Dioxide Emissions : Evidence from Developing Economies

AZMAT GANI 경제연구소 2012 Journal of Economic Development Vol.37 No.1

This paper examines the relationship between five dimensions of good governance (political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and corruption) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in a cross-section of developing countries. Two measures of CO2 emissions are utilized: CO2 emissions in kilograms per 2000 US dollars of gross domestic product (GDP) and in metric tons per capita. Robust results are obtained for a number of variables when the dependent variable is CO2 emissions in metric tons per capita. The results provide confirmation that political stability, the rule of law, and control of corruption are negatively and statistically significantly correlated with CO2 emissions per capita. The results also provide evidence in support of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and that trade openness and the size of industrial sector as other strong correlates of CO2 emissions.