은행대리업의 도입에 관한 제언

도제문 한국금융법학회 2015 金融法硏究 Vol.12 No.2

본 논문의 목적은 은행대리업제도의 도입을 제안하는 데 있다. 논문의 구성은 Ⅱ에서 우리상법상 대리상의 개념과 기능을 살펴보고, 이어 Ⅲ에서는 역사가 오래된 미국의 은행대리업제도를, Ⅳ에서는 우리나라와 금융제도가 가장 근접한 일본의 은행대리업제도를 소개하고, Ⅴ와 Ⅵ에서는 은행대리업제도의 도입시 그 기대효과와 유의사항을 살펴보고 글을 맺는다. The purpose of this article is to suggest the introduction of bank agent service system to Korea. "Bank Agency Service" means a business performing any of the following acts such as (i) an agent or intermediary for conclusion of a contract on acceptance of deposits or installment savings, etc. ; (ii) an agent or intermediary for conclusion of a contract on loans of funds or discounting of bills ; or (iii) an agent or intermediary for conclusion of a contract on exchange transactions on behalf of a bank. This article consists of 6 chapters covering the concept and function of agency in commercial act, the introduction of bank agent service system in United States and Japan and the expected effects, etc. The major expected effects of bank agent service system are as follows. First, bank agent can contribute to the better service at the windows by widening of business offices. Second, bank agent service can help dissolve the personal backlog problem and work out the new business strategies. Third, principal bank can make the most of the business foundation of enterprise that combine bank agent with other businesses. In relation to the introduction of bank agent system, there are challenging problems to be considered. First, a sound and appropriate measures should be taken to prevent the unfair transaction or abuse of customer's information. Therefore a strict and thorough supervisory system is necessary. Second, bank agent is inclined to be tempted to handle the loan business negligently to raise the business performances. To avoid the bad loan assets, effective monitoring and compliance system should be considered. Third, one of the most important and critical issues is the compensation liabilities of principal bank. In conclusion, the writer of this article thinks that the expected benefits of bank agent service system are predominate the problems related and hereby suggests the introduction of the bank agent service system for the better custom services.

온라인과 오프라인 간 만족전이(Satisfaction Transfer)를 통한 은행서비스 품질 평가에 관한 연구: 대구은행을 대상으로

현용호,홍경완 한국기업경영학회 2012 기업경영연구 Vol.19 No.4

Since the financial crisis occurred in 1997, the domestic bank industry was restructured by liquidating the financially poor local banks or had difficulties in merger and acquisiton between banks In particular, among about 10 local banks, local banks were merged into the mega banks: Chungchung bank into Hana bank and Gyeonggi bank into Hanmi bank in 1997; Chungbuk bank and Gangwon bank into Chohung bank in 1999; and Gwangju bank and Kyungnam bank into Wuri bank, and Jeju bank into Shinhan bank in 2001. After merger and acquisition, there remained only three local banks which are independently operated: Daegu bank, Busan bank and Chunbuk bank. To strength a local bank’s competitiveness, the local banks should establish more local bank branches which enable to enhance accessibility to the bank and employ bank staff who can provide more kind response to customers and differentiated bank services from the mega banks. Due to IMF, the bank has been downsized, which leads to the decrease of the number of bank employees. As a result, the quality of bank services has been worsened. Furthermore, since customers use information technologies (e.g., CD/ATM, internet/mobile banking), they do not need to visit the physical banks. Such bank technologies keep the customers from providing the tailor-made bank services offline. To provide the local banks’ services differentiated from those of the mega banks, it is required to investigate how bank technologies (i.e., Internet banking) used in the local banks can affect the quality of offline bank services provided by the bank employees (e.g., face-to-face) and assess the customers’ satisfaction with online and offline local bank services. The purpose of this study is to examine the structural relationships between the quality of bank service, bank-usage satisfaction and bank loyalty, and to test whether there is a transfer effect from bank web-usage satisfaction to offline bank-usage satisfaction. Furthermore, x2 difference test was undertaken o determine the best model among competing models. The questionnaires were distributed to customers who visited the Daegu Bank and were questioned whether to have used its website. The self-administerd survey was undertaken against 350 respondents who visited the bank as well as used its website. A total of 340 responses were collected. Excluding missing data, 323 usable data were used for analysis. Results from this study are as follows: First, it is found that three antecedents of bank service quality such as tangibles, assurance and responsiveness positively affect bank-usage satisfaction, whereas it is revealed that reliability and empathy factors did not influence bank-usage satisfacton; second, web-usage satisfaction positively exerts an effect on offline bank-usage satisfaction, as a result, it is empirically identified that satisfaction transfer from online to offline; third, bank-usage satisfaction positively influences bank loyalty; and fourth, it is found that assurance and reliability factors had a direct positive effect on bank loyalty as a result of sequential x2 difference test. The theoretical and practical implications, and the limitations are discussed. 대부분의 지방은행들이 IMF 이후 대형금융지주회사에 흡수 통합됨으로써 현재 자생적으로 운영되고 있는 지방은행들은 대규모 금융회사들과 경쟁을 해야 하는 어려움에 처해있다. 지방은행들이 시중은행들과의 차별화된 금융 서비스 품질 제공에 있어 전략적 우위를 선점하기 위해서는 금융 서비스 만족도 향상을 위한 평가가 실시되어야 할 시점이라 판단된다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 은행서비스 품질을 선행변수로 하여 은행 서비스 이용만족과 은행충성도 간의 구조적 영향관계를 살펴보고 또한 은행 웹 사이트 이용만족이 오프라인 은행서비스 만족으로 전이 될 수 있는지에 대한 여부를 검증하고자 한다. 본 연구를 위해 설문조사는 2012년 4월 12일부터 2012년 4월 20일까지 약 8일에 걸쳐 대구은행을 방문한 고객을 대상으로 은행 웹 사이트 이용여부를 질문 한 뒤에 응답자들을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였다. 총 350부 설문을 배포하여 불성실하게 응답을 한 설문지를 제외한 323부가 최종 분석에 이용 되었다. 본 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 은행서비스 품질 중 유형성, 확신성 대응성 요인이 은행이용만족에 정(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 밝혀졌다 둘째, 웹 사이트 이용만족이 은행 이용만족에 정(+)의 영향을 줌으로써 만족전이 현상이 입증되었다. 셋째, 은행이용만족인 은행 충성도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치고 있음이 밝혀졌다. 넷째, 카이자승 차이 검증법을 통해 최우수모델 검증 결과, 확신성과 신뢰성이 은행충성도에 직접적으로 영향을 주는 선행요인으로 밝혀졌다. 지방은행 경영자 및 실무자들을 위한 이론적⋅ 실무적 시사점이 제시되었고 마지막으로 한계점이 논의되었다

주제별 논단 : 연구논문 ; 은행대리업의 도입에 관한 제언

도제문 ( Jae Moon Do ) 한국금융법학회 2015 金融法硏究 Vol.12 No.2

The purpose of this article is to suggest the introduction of bank agent service system to Korea. "Bank Agency Service" means a business performing any of the following acts such as (i) an agent or intermediary for conclusion of a contract on acceptance of deposits or installment savings, etc. ; (ii) an agent or intermediary for conclusion of a contract on loans of funds or discounting of bills ; or (iii) an agent or intermediary for conclusion of a contract on exchange transactions on behalf of a bank. This article consists of 6 chapters covering the concept and function of agency in commercial act, the introduction of bank agent service system in United States and Japan and the expected effects, etc. The major expected effects of bank agent service system are as follows. First, bank agent can contribute to the better service at the windows by widening of business offices. Second, bank agent service can help dissolve the personal backlog problem and work out the new business strategies. Third, principal bank can make the most of the business foundation of enterprise that combine bank agent with other businesses. In relation to the introduction of bank agent system, there are challenging problems to be considered. First, a sound and appropriate measures should be taken to prevent the unfair transaction or abuse of customer``s information. Therefore a strict and thorough supervisory system is necessary. Second, bank agent is inclined to be tempted to handle the loan business negligently to raise the business performances. To avoid the bad loan assets, effective monitoring and compliance system should be considered. Third, one of the most important and critical issues is the compensation liabilities of principal bank. In conclusion, the writer of this article thinks that the expected benefits of bank agent service system are predominate the problems related and hereby suggests the introduction of the bank agent service system for the better custom services.

은행의 대형화가 경영효율성에 미치는 영향: 상대적 규모를 중심으로

김은석,최종범 한국기업경영학회 2013 기업경영연구 Vol.20 No.6

본 연구는 은행의 대형화가 수익성, 리스크 및 비용효율성에 미치는 영향을 43개국 2,153개 은행을 대상으로 분석한 것이다. 실증분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 은행이 대형화될수록 절대규모나 시스템 위험규모와 관계없이 수익성이 하락하고, 자본적정성이 악화되는 음(-)의 효과와 자산건전성은 개선되고, 비용효율성도 개선되는 양(+)의 효과가 존재하는 이중적인 효과가 있다. 둘째, 은행 대형화가 리스크에 미치는 영향은 국가별로, 규모별로, 리스크 종류별로 다르다. 소형은행의 경우, 대형화에 따라 수익성이 감소하고 자본적정성이 악화되지만 자산건전성과 비용효율성이 개선되는 효과는 얻을 수 있으나, 대형은행이 초대형화 되는 경우에는 수익성의 증가를 수반하지 않으면서 리스크만 커지는 결과를 초래하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 절대규모를 기준으로 볼 때, 은행 대형화에 따른 규모의 경제효과는 존재하는 것으로 보이나, GDP 대비 80%를 초과할 정도의 초대형화의 경우 오히려 규모의 비경제가 나타났다. 은행의 대형화로 인해 리스크가 감소하는 효과는 모든 리스크 종류에 무관하게 항상 존재하는 것은 아니며, 특히 시스템 위험의 규모가 매우 큰 초대형은행의 경우 자본적정성 하락효과가 매우 큰 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, SIFI 등 바젤 III의 추가 자본규제는 필요하나, 시스템 위험규모를 기준으로 실시하는 것이 타당하며, 국가별 GDP 대비 60%∼80% 수준에서 수익성 하락을 최소화 하면서 리스크를 최소화 시킬 수 있는 최적자산규모가 존재할 수 있다. The existence of economies of scale implies that banks will be more profitable and less risky as they get larger in size. In the context of modern portfolio theory, one can reasonably expect that banks with large and diversified portfolios can save costs and afford to put less capital at risk. Extant literature, however, lacks definitive evidence demonstrating that economies of scale exist in the banking industry. In this paper, we empirically re-examine whether economies of scale exist in the banking industry. We add more risk measures to the z-score which was used commonly in the literature. Our measures of bank risks include capital adequacy, asset soundness, and liquidity. We also analyze the effects of relative bank size and absolute bank size. To incorporate each bank’s systemic risk into our analysis, we utilize global data on banks, and divide our sample banks into five groups. We sort each group by their asset size relative to the size of the GDP of each of the countries they belong to. Our sample period begins in 1997 and ends in 2012. Our sample covers data for a total of 2,153 banks operating in 43 countries. We employ panel regression methodology with the country fixed effects and the year fixed effects. The dependent variables used in this paper include return on asset, non-performing loan ratio, loan-reserve ratio, capital ratio, liquidity ratio and cost ratio. Our main independent variables include total assets, systemic asset size calculated by total asset divided by GDP, asset growth rate, GDP growth rate, and inflation rate. Our results can be summarized as follows. First, bank profitability measured by ROA (return on asset) decreases as asset size gets bigger, regardless of whether we use absolute size or relative systemic size. Second, we find mixed effects of bank size on risk measures. As a bank gets bigger, its capital adequacy ratio decreases, but other ratios, such as asset soundness ratio, liquidity ratio and cost ratio are increasing irrespective of whether size is measured by its total asset or systemic size. Third, the effects of bank size on the bank’s risks differ across countries. More importantly, they differ according to the bank’s systemic size. In the case of smaller banks, asset growth improves asset soundness and liquidity. However, in the case of systemically large banks whose asset size exceeds 80% of the GDP of its country, bank size growth increases bank risk while decreasing profitability. Fourth, economies of scale exist in all countries for all size groups of the sample banks except for systemically large banks, i.e., biga100 (which belong to the largest systemic size group and account for more than 80% of the GDPs of their respective countries). Systemically large banks (biga100) exhibit no economies of scale. In summary, we find that there are both positives and negatives resulting from growth in bank assets. As the size of bank assets grows, both the asset soundness ratio and liquidity ratio improve with a saving in cost, but the profitability ratio and capital adequacy ratio deteriorate. However, asset growth in systemically large banks is associated with increased risks, without achieving higher profits. Our results also imply that there exists an optimal asset size which can maximize profit and minimize risk. Our results indicate that the optimal asset size will lie somewhere between 60% and 80% of the GDP of the country to which a bank belongs. Investigating which factors result in cross-country differences is left for future research.

특집논단 : 메가뱅크론에 비판적 고찰: 경쟁 및 공익의 관점에서

주진열 ( Jin Yul Ju ) 한국경쟁법학회 2010 競爭法硏究 Vol.22 No.-

In 2008, the Korean government proposed the so-called ``Mega Bank`` through domestic bank merger. This government-led Mega Bank policy is mainly based on the economy of large scale as well as international competitiveness under the global financial environment. However, it should be noted that the Mega Bank itself can not guarantee international competitiveness of domestic bank industry. Because a bank merger leading to Mega Bank may impair financial market competition, consequently welfare of financial consumers, it is highly needed for the competition authority to consider competitive effects of the merger seriously. But there might be a high possibility that competition law aspects of Mega Bank may be neglected. If the government politically approves anti-competitive bank merger leading to Mega Bank, private enforcement of the competition law should be guaranteed to protect financial consumers.

A Study on Space Utilization according to Changes in Non-face-to-Face Consumer Use : Focused on bank offices

Sungi Hwang,Gihwan Ryu,Daiyeol Yun,Heeyoung Kim 국제문화기술진흥원 2020 International Journal of Advanced Culture Technolo Vol.8 No.4

Modern financial services go beyond the stage of internet banking, and new concepts of financial transactions such as Internet of Things, mobile banking, electronic payments, and fintech have emerged. As a result, banks are less influential in financial transactions, and changes are being demanded. In the present era, the basic business of banks has decreased, and it is transforming into a space where both consumer finance work and reside. The bank office stands for the brand image of the bank, and it is represented by trust with customers in the basic business of financial transactions, and the rise in real estate value is a natural social phenomenon due to the nature of the location and location of real estate owned by the bank. The business method and space of the bank office that meets the new paradigm of the modern society is an inefficient space only for the convenience and rest of consumers, but it must be used as a variety of spaces suitable for the region to increase the functional value of the bank office. Through this study, as a convenience space for consumers, various service facilities should be introduced to understand the characteristics of the region as a convenience space for consumers, and various service facilities should be introduced to meet the needs of consumers, and the bank office should be improved as a complex service space for local residents.

Impact of Bank Capital Adequacy on Bank Profitability under Basel II Accord: Evidence from Vietnam

Thi Hien Nguyen 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2020 Journal of Economic Development Vol.45 No.1

This paper explores the impact of capital adequacy on bank profitability in the context of Basel II Accord implementation in Vietnam. In this study, bank profitability is measured by return on assets and return on equity. Apart from capital adequacy ratio, we also control various potential determinants of profitability including bank-specified variables (capital adequacy ratio, net interest margin, non-performing loans, non-interest income, ownership and regulatory variable proxied by the bank’s application of Basel standards), and macroeconomic indicators (growth rate of gross domestic product, inflation rate). Using panel data regression analysis with a sample of 22 Vietnamese commercial banks for the period 2010-2018, this paper shows that bank capital adequacy, net interest margin, and non-interest income measures are positively correlated with profitability indicators while non-performing loan indicator and state ownership measure negatively effect on bank profitability. This paper also provides a more in-depth analysis of the impact that bank capital adequacy imposes on profitability by dividing the sample into two subsamples of large-sized banks and small-sized banks. We find that bank capital adequacy has a positive impact on return on assets for small-sized banks meanwhile it has no significant impact on profitability for large-sized banks in Vietnam. In another aspect, the paper also finds that the large-sized banks’ return on assets, as well as return on equity, are not significantly correlated with the Basel II implementation meanwhile it is statistically meaningful to the small-sized banks’ situation. Based on the outcomes found, this study provides several policy implications. Particularly, the regulatory authority should encourage bank capital reinforcement and continuous bank ownership restructuring.

Non-Bank Lending to Firms: Evidence from Korean Firm-Level Data

Mihye Lee 한국유통과학회 2018 The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business( Vol.9 No.9

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of non-bank depository institutions (non-bank financial corporations) lending to firms. The paper aims to contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence from firm-level data and unveiling factors related to access to non-bank financial corporations by firms. Research design, data, and methodology – We used the data on borrowing by firms from CRETOP from years 2008 to 2011. Using the manufacturing industry, we examined what firm-level characteristics explained the increase in borrowing from non-bank financial corporations rather than the banks. Results – Analyzing the firm-level data from 2008 to 2011, we found that firms were more likely to borrow from non-bank financial institutions as the size of the firm increases, implying that large firms have more access to non-bank financing than small and medium-sized firms. In addition, it also showed that small and medium-sized firms moved to non-bank financial corporations for loans. Conclusion - Non-bank depository institutions are not a substitute for bank lending to firms. More specifically, they replace bank lending to firms mostly for large firms rather than small and medium-sized firms. Also, collateral and other firm-level characteristics do not matter in accounting for non-bank lending to firms.

재무곤경과 기업의 부채선택

변현수(Hyun Soo Byun),김석진(Seck Chin Kim) 한국경영학회 2006 經營學硏究 Vol.35 No.4

Many studies regarding a firms capital structure focus on the optimal leverage decision. Considering that debt financing is the predominant source of new external funds. however.it may be more relevant to explore the debt structure than the capital structure. According to previous theoretical studies. the benefits of bank debt financing include alleviation of adverse selection and moral hazard problem through information production and monitoring activities and the efficiency of renegotiation and liquidation in financial distress. The costs of bank debt financing include monitoring costs. suboptimal liquidation problems. softbudgetconstraint problems. and hold-up problems induced by information monopoly ofbanks. These theories suggest that a firm considers the tradeoff between the benefits and costs of bank debt financing relative to public debt financing.Allowing for the bank-centered financial system of Korea. this study investigates the debt structure of Korean firms. What are determinants of their debt choice between bank debt and public debt? What are the benefits and costs of bank debt financing? Given that many Korean firms faced financial distress during the financial crisis 0998-2000 period), how financial distress affected their debt choice? In this paper. we examine the association between financial distress and Korean firms debt choice by focusing on the financial crisis period. Chemmanur and Fulghieri (994) show that firms with higher probability of financial distress borrow loans from banks. which have greater reputations for flexibility in dealing with firms in financial distress than public lenders. even though the equilibrium interest rate on bank loan is higher. Diamond (994) also argues theoretically that the control role of debt determines the debt structure. According to the model. firms that default but have access to viable investment projects choose bank debt over public debt. because banks can restructure out of court the firms. These explanations suggest that our study focusing on the financial crisis period offers us a unique opportunity to empirically test two theor‘ etical models and investigate the effect of financial distress on a firm s debt choice We use a sample of 1.250 firm-year observations that consist of Korean firms borrowing their new debt from banks and public lenders during the financial crisis after the IMF ailout.We obtain stock prices and returns data from the Korea Securities Research Institute-Stock Database (KSRI-sm and financial statements data from the Korea Investors Service-Financial Analysis System (KIS? FAS). Since the data on loan portfolio of banks are not available in Korea. we get the data on new borrowings of firms from the annual reports presented by Data Analysis. Retrieval and Transfer System (DART) of Financial Supervisory Service (FSS). Unlike previous domestic studies examining the proportion of public and private debt in a firms existing debt mix. we use an incremental approach by examining new debt issues. Both binary and multinomial logit analyses are used for our empirical model estimation. The main results are as follows. First. inconsistent with Chemmanur and Fulghieris prediction. we find that firms with higher coverage ratios are more likely to choose bank debt over public debt. This behavior becomes distinct for firms that place greater reliance on bank debt. This result means that since banks as well as borrowing firms experienced financial difficulties during the financial crisis. firms with close bank relationship assumed the costs of bank debt financing. This suggests that the benefits of bank debt financing are diluted by negative externality of bank relationship. e.g .. the reduction of loan size. theavoidance of additional loan. and others Second. in support of the Diamonds argument that the control role of debt differs between bank and public debt. we find that the likelihood of choosing bank debt over public debt is higher for firms with lower

은행서비스에서의 서비스품질, 고객만족도 및 교차구매의도 간의 관계연구: 한․중 은행 간 비교

이상석 한국기업경영학회 2012 기업경영연구 Vol.19 No.1

We live in a service society now. The development of a society makes its service outstanding and the weight occupied by a service industry is gradually increasing in various countries. So, it can be said that the correct recognition of the characteristics of service and the understanding of the strategic importance of service marketing are one obligatory task given to modern enterprises. On the one hand, banking is typical of a service industry. To cope actively with banksʼ rapidly changing financial environment and secure stable profits from it, first of all, efficient and effective strategic frames should be presented to improve the quality of bank service based on satisfying customers. This study is aimed at understanding the levels of service provided for the customers of a bank, understanding bank customersʼ differences of service quality, simultaneously, discovering and managing the factors of the effects on the level of customer satisfaction of each country, and ultimately improving the quality and the level of satisfaction of service. To attain such purpose more concretely, I hypothesized the conceptual model by relationship among the factors of bank service quality, customer satisfaction, and cross buying. The analytic methods for the study were reliability analysis, exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation analysis by SPSS (ver.12) and AMOS (ver.5.0). As the result of testing a hypothesis, most of Korean and Chinese customers showed significant differences in the factors of bank service quality. In Korean banking service, bank service capability has the strongest effect on customer satisfaction, followed by bank accessibility. In China, customer and information management has the strongest effect on customer satisfaction, followed by bank service capability. Also, the findings suggest each bank service quality dimension has distinct effect on cross buying on national comparison. In China banking service, bank accessibility seem to be more important service criteria than other dimensions to target customers in China. On the other hand, in Korea bankservice, diversity of financial product seems to be more important service criteria than other them. Therefore, if the managers of banking service provide service based on these dimensions, they world get more efficient outcomes. Korean banks can create a competitive advantage by focusing on development of financial products and CRM. China banks can gain a competitive advantage strategically by focusing on providing a bank accessibility like a excellent banking facilities and convenience, and individualized marketing practices. 본 연구는 은행 서비스품질요인과 고객만족, 교차구매의도의 관계를 분석하여 한국과 중국의 은행뿐 아니라 중국 진출을 고려하고 있는 한국은행들에게 서비스품질 측면의 시사점을 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 은행 서비스품질요인을 은행 접근성, 금융상품 다양성, 은행 업무능력, 고객 및 정보관리 등으로 분류하고 고객만족과 교차구매의도와의 관계를 분석하기 위하여 연구모형과 가설을 설정하였다. 본 논문을 통해 얻을 수 있는 시사점은 첫째, 양국 모두 은행업무능력이 고객만족을 위하여 중요한 영향을 미친다는 점을 확인하였다. 따라서 은행의 본질적인 업무능력이라고 볼 수 있는 예금 및 대출관련업무 서비스가 강화될 수 있도록 관심과 노력을 해야 할 것으로 판단된다. 둘째, 한국은 교차구매의도에 영향을 미치는 요인이 다양한 금융상품을 통한 서비스로 판명되었으나 중국은 이와 달리 얼마나 쉽게 가까이서 이용할 수 있는 은행이 있느냐가 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 중국은행 서비스품질의 향상을 위한 각 은행 별 차별화, 특성화된 서비스를 제도권 내에서 개발하는 것이 필요하다고 볼 수 있다. 셋째, 양국 모두 고객만족이 교차구매의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 양국 모두 은행 서비스품질요인의 복합적인 상호작용에 의한 고객만족은 교차구매의도에 영향을 미치는 만큼 본질적인 은행 업무능력의 효율성을 위한 서비스 시스템의 구축이 요구된다고 볼 수 있다