Optimizing growth conditions for glucosinolate production in Chinese cabbage

심준용,김하영,김도균,이예설,정선옥,이왕희 한국원예학회 2018 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.59 No.5

Glucosinolates are well known functional food components that were discovered in Cruciferae and have been the object of study from diverse disciplinary perspectives, including metabolism, quantitative analysis, and breeding. However, the effects of the growth environment and post-harvest processes on glucosinolate production in Chinese cabbage are not well studied. Hence, this study aimed to identify the major factors that affect glucosinolate accumulation in Chinese cabbage during growth, and to optimize growth conditions in order to maximize glucosinolate content. Therefore, we measured glucosinolate content in cabbage grown in five environmental conditions that altered electrical conductivity, pH, cultivation time, temperature, and relative humidity. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the variables primarily affecting growth, followed by response surface methodology (RSM) to determine optimal growth conditions that maximize glucosinolate content in Chinese cabbage. Results from PCA indicated that cultivation time, temperature, and relative humidity were the principal components that explained 85.8% of the total variance, suggesting these are the most significant environmental factors that affect glucosinolate accumulation. Moreover, RSM indicated that the total model for evaluating glucosinolate content was significant (R2 = 0.934) and showed that the optimal temperature and relative humidity for maximizing glucosinolate content are 28 °C, and 66%, respectively. This study provided practical information of optimal condition for producing functional Chinese cabbage intensifying glucosinolate.

콜라비 새싹 추출물과 무순 추출물의 항산화 및 지방세포 분화 억제 활성

이영준(Young-Jun Lee),김재환(Jae-Hwan Kim),오지원(Ji-Won Oh),신기해(Gi-Hae Shin),이종석(Jong Seok Lee),조주현(Ju-Hyun Cho),박진주(Jin-Ju Park),임정호(Jeong-Ho Lim),이옥환(Ok-Hwan Lee) 한국식품과학회 2014 한국식품과학회지 Vol.46 No.5

십자화과 채소인 콜라비 및 무에는 glucosinolate 성분이 함유되어 있으며, 특히 새싹 채소의 경우 성숙한 채소보다 glucosinolate의 함량이 더 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 이와 같은 이유로 최근 새싹채소에 대한 관심은 높으나, 아직 새싹채소에 대한 연구는 미비한 편이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 십자화과 채소인 콜라비 새싹 추출물(KSE) 및 무순 추출물(RSE)의 total carotenoid 및 glucosinolate의 함량을 분석하였고 이들 추출물의 항산화 및 antiadipogenic 활성을 평가하였다. KSE의 total carotenoid 및 glucosinolate 함량은 각각 39.50±0.67 및 2.65±0.02 ㎎/g이며, RSE의 total carotenoid 및 glucosinolate 함량은 각각 76.73±2.75 및 8.13±0.54 ㎎/g으로 KSE보다 높았다. 다양한 항산화 평가 모델(DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, reducing power)을 통하여 항산화 활성을 측정한 결과, KSE 및 RSE는 농도 의존적으로 항산화 활성이 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한, 지방세포의 분화과정에서 KSE 및 RSE의 처리는 지방세포의 지방축적 및 ROS 생성을 억제하였으며, KSE 및 RSE의 주요 성분으로 알려진 β-carotene, glucoraphanin 및 glucoraphenin의 처리는 지방 축적 억제 및 ROS 생성 저감 활성을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로부터, β-carotene, glucoraphanin 및 glucoraphenin이 풍부한 RSE 및 KSE는 항산화 활성 및 지방세포 분화억제 효능을 갖으며, 천연물 유래 항비만 소재로서 활용 가능성이 높은 것으로 기대된다. Common cruciferous vegetables, kohlabi (Brassica oleracea) and radish (Raphanus sativus), contain phytochemicals such as glucosinolates and carotenoids. Therefore, this study investigated the antioxidant and antiadipogenic effects of kohlrabi sprout extract (KSE) and radish sprout extract (RSE). The total carotenoid and glucosinolate contents of KSE and RSE were 39.50±0.67 and 76.73±2.75 ㎎/g, respectively. The total glucosinolate contents of KSE and RSE were 2.65±0.02 and 8.13±0.54 ㎎/g, respectively. The in vitro-antioxidative activities of KSE and RSE were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, β-carotene and glucosinolate-enriched KSE and RSE significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species production during the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. These results suggest that glucosinolate-enriched KSE and RSE, especially RSE, can be used in the treatment of obesity and as a natural source of antioxidants.

Identification of indole glucosinolate breakdown products with antifeedant effects on <i>Myzus persicae</i> (green peach aphid)

Kim, Jae Hak,Lee, Byong Won,Schroeder, Frank C.,Jander, Georg Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2008 The Plant journal Vol.54 No.6

<P>Summary</P><P>The cleavage of glucosinolates by myrosinase to produce toxic breakdown products is a characteristic insect defense of cruciferous plants. Although green peach aphids (<I>Myzus persicae</I>) are able to avoid most contact with myrosinase when feeding from the phloem of <I>Arabidopsis thaliana</I>, indole glucosinolates are nevertheless degraded during passage through the insects. A defensive role for indole glucosinolates is suggested by the observation that <I>atr1D</I> mutant plants, which overproduce indole glucosinolates, are more resistant to <I>M. persicae</I>, whereas <I>cyp79B2 cyp79B3</I> double mutants, which lack indole glucosinolates, succumb to <I>M. persicae</I> more rapidly. Indole glucosinolate breakdown products, including conjugates formed with ascorbate, glutathione and amino acids, are elevated in the honeydew of <I>M. persicae</I> feeding from <I>atr1D</I> mutant plants, but are absent when the aphids are feeding on <I>cyp79B2 cyp79B3</I> double mutants. <I>M. persicae</I> feeding from wild-type plants and myrosinase-deficient <I>tgg1 tgg2</I> double mutants excrete a similar profile of indole glucosinolate-derived metabolites, indicating that the breakdown is independent of these foliar myrosinases. Artificial diet experiments show that the reaction of indole-3-carbinol, a breakdown product of indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate, with ascorbate, glutathione and cysteine produces diindolylmethylcysteines and other conjugates that have antifeedant effects on <I>M. persicae</I>. Therefore, the post-ingestive breakdown of indole glucosinolates provides a defense against herbivores such as aphids that can avoid glucosinolate activation by plant myrosinases.</P>

발아에 의한 유채의 Glucosinolate 및 유리당 함량의 변화에 관한 연구

金仁淑,權泰鳳,吳成基 경희대학교 부설 식량자원개발연구소 1988 硏究論文集 Vol.9 No.-

유채박의 활용성을 높이기 위하여 발아에 따른 유채중 유해물질로 알려진 glucosinolates 함량의 변화와, 유리당 함량의 변화를 측정한 결과 UV법과 GLC법으로 측정한 glucosinolates의 함량간에는 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으며 발아전 시료중의 총 glucosinolates 함량은 13.6㎎/g으로 상당히 많은량을 나타내었다. 3-butenylisothiocyanate의 함량은 0.6㎎/g이었으며, 4-butenylisothiocyanate는 0.12㎎/g을 이었고, 5-vinyl-oxazolidine-2-thione은 12.9㎎/g을 나타내었다. 발아시간에 따른 함량변화는 72시간까지 함량이 감소하다가 96시간후부터 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 유리당 함량은 발아전 fructose, glucose, sucrose가 각각 3.03, 2.97, 5.63㎎/g이었으며 발아에 따라 fructose와 glucose는 서서히 감소하였으나 sucrose의 경우에는 초기에 증가 하다가 발아 12시간 이후부터 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. The objective of this study was to investigate the technical feasibility of producing toxicant-free rapeseed by germination. To this end, rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)was germinated at 25℃ for 120 hours, and the chemical compositions-glucosinolates and free sugers-were determinated in every 24 hours during germination. The amount of glucosinolates in rapessed measured by UV method was very close to that measured by GLC method. The glucosinolates were considerably abundant in rapeseed before germination, and the total content was found to be 13.6 ㎎/g. Rapeseed showed the lowest glucosinolate content in 72 hours during germination, and it gradually increased glucosinalate content from 96 hours. Free suger content in rapeseed before germination was as follows : 3.03 ㎎/g of fructose, 2.97 ㎎/g of glucose and 5.63 ㎎/g of sucrose. Raffinose and stachyose were not detected, and in general free sugars were gradually decreased during germination. However, sucrose was increased in the early period of gremination and decreased in the later period.

Accumulation of Glucosinolates and Nutrients in Pakchoi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. communis) Two Cultivar Plants Exposed to Sulfur Deficiency

Keling Hu,Zhujun Zhu,Yunxiang Zang,Syed Azhar Hussain 한국원예학회 2011 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.52 No.2

To understand how sulfur nutrition affects the quality and yield of vegetable plants, we have grown two cultivars of pakchoi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. communis cv. Shang Hai Qing and You Dong Er) hydroponically in nutrient solution supplied with two levels of sulfur (0.0558 mM as sulfur deficiency and 1.0058 mM as sulfur sufficiency, respectively) for three weeks and their growth, nutrient uptake and glucosinolate content under these two sulfur conditions were investigated. The results showed that plant growth of both the cultivars was inhibited by sulfur deficiency. The concentrations of nitrogen and magnesium in shoots of both the cultivars were increased notably under sulfur deficiency, but there was no significant change in concentrations of sulfur, potassium and calcium. Moreover, sulfur deficiency increased phosphorus uptake in You Dong Er but not in Shang Hai Qing. In Shang Hai Qing sulfur deficiency reduced the content of all individual and total glucosinolates, while in You Dong Er this was also the case for most individual and total glucosinolates. However, in You Dong Er the total aliphatic glucosinolate concentration was not significantly influenced but the concentrations of individual aliphatic glucosinolates-glucoalyssin and gluconapin were in contrast increased under sulfur deficiency. Our data show that sulfur deficiency will decrease the yield and deteriorate the quality of pakchoi vegetable by reducing its growth and the contents of nutrients and glucosinolates. In addition, there was a significant genotypic variation in the composition and content of glucosinolates between these two pakchoi cultivars when exposed to sulfur deficiency.

양배추 가공조건에 따른 생리활성 물질의 함량 및 항산화 활성

황은선(Eun-Sun Hwang),뉴안 도티(Nhuan Do Thi) 한국식품과학회 2015 한국식품과학회지 Vol.47 No.2

양배추를 각기 다른 방법(blanching, steaming, microwaving)으로 가열하면서 열처리 시간에 따른 glucosinolates와 SMM의 함량 변화 및 항산화 활성을 양배추 에탄올 추출물의 농도별로 측정하였다. 신선한 양배추 추출물에는 glucoraphanin, sinigrin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin 및 glucobrassicin의 4종의 glucosinolates를 HPLC 분석방법으로 확인하였다. 양배추는 SMM 함량이 건조중량 100 g 당 192.85 mg으로 다른 십자화과 채소들에 비해 풍부하였다. 끓는 물에 데치는 조리법에 비해 스팀을 이용하여 찌거나 전자레인지로 가열하였을 때 glucosinolates와 SMM 함량이 높게 나타났으며 이는 다량의 물을 사용하여 끓이는 경우, 수용성이 강한 이들 물질들이 조리수로 용출되기 때문으로 사료된다. 소량의 물을 붓고 찌거나 전자레인지로 가열하는 경우는 glucosinolates나 SMM이 조리수로 용출되는 것을 최소화하는 동시에 활성물질들이 열처리를 하는 동안 양배추 조직으로부터 분리되어 표면으로 노출되었기 때문으로 해석된다. DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거능력을 통해 양배추 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 활성을 측정한 결과, 가열시간이 길어질수록 항산화 성분이 파괴되어 신선한 양배추에 비해 항산화 활성이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 양배추를 포함한 십자화과 채소의 주요 생리활성 물질인 glucosinolates나 SMM의 파괴를 최소화하기 위해서는 가열 방법과 가열 시간을 적절히 선택하는 것이 중요하며, 가급적이면 장시간 동안 물에 끓이는 방법보다는 스팀을 이용하여 찌거나 전자레인지를 이용한 가열방법을 선택하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 사료된다. We evaluated the effects of three common cabbage cooking methods (blanching, steaming and microwaving) on glucosinolate and S-methylmethionine (SMM) content and total antioxidant capacity of cabbage leaves. We detected four glucosinolates, including glucoraphanin, sinigrin, glucobrassicin, and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cabbage contained high levels of SMM (192.85 mg/100 g dry weight), compared to other cruciferous vegetables. Blanching cabbage leaves for one to ten minutes decreased glucosinolate and SMM levels, whereas microwaving or steaming cabbage for 5-10 min preserved glucosinolate and SMM levels. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities of cooked cabbage generally decreased as cooking time increased, but microwave cooking had a smaller negative effect on antioxidant activities than blanching or steaming. This study demonstrates that some domestic cooking methods, such as microwaving and steaming, can increase the bioaccessibility of glucosinolates and SMM, highlighting the positive role of cooking on the nutritional qualities of cabbage.

Characterization of Phenotypic Traits and Evaluation of Glucosinolate Contents in Radish Germplasms (Raphanus sativus L.)

김빛샘(Bichsaem Kim),허온숙(Onsook Hur),이재은(Jae-Eun Lee),Awraris Derbie Assefa,고호철(Ho-Cheol Ko),정윤조(Yun-Jo Chung),이주희(Ju-hee Rhee),한범수(Bum-Soo Hahn) 한국자원식물학회 2021 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.34 No.6

The edible roots of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) are consumed worldwide. For characterization and evaluation of the agronomic traits and health-promoting chemicals in radish germplasms, new germplasm breeding materials need to be identified. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the phenotypic traits and glucosinolate contents of radish roots from 110 germplasms, by analyzing correlations between 10 quantitative phenotypic traits and the individual and total contents of five glucosinolates. Phenotypic characterization was performed based on descriptors from the UPOV and IBPGR, and glucosinolate contents were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM). Regarding the phenotypic traits, a significant correlation between leaf length and root weight was observed. Glucoraphasatin was the main glucosinolate, accounting for an average of 71% of the total glucosinolates in the germplasms; moreover, its content was significantly correlated with that of glucoerucin, its precursor. Principal component analysis indicated that the 110 germplasms could be divided into five groups based on their glucosinolate contents. High levels of free-radical scavenging activity (DPPH) were observed in red radishes. These results shed light on the beneficial traits that could be targeted by breeders, and could also promote diet diversification by demonstrating the health benefits of various germplasms.

잿빛곰팡이병 추출물을 이용한 순무배양세포의 Indole-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate의 생합성유도와 병원성연구

권순태,Vivian Zhang 한국자원식물학회 2017 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.30 No.5

Two different races of Botryris cinerea were selected by the response of plant leaves to the pathogen infection. Based on lesion size of the pathogen on the leaves, turnip showed susceptible response to ‘Grape-01’ race, and resistant to ‘Orange’ race. Turnip leaves infected with resistant pathogen race, “Orange”, showed significantly higher content of indole-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate (I3M) than those infected with susceptible race, ‘Grape-01’. Contents of I3M in the leaves with resistant ‘Orange’ race was 2.5 times as high as that in uninfected leaves, whereas I3M in the leaves infected with susceptible ‘Grape-01’ race showed lower content than in untreated leaves. Growth of turnip suspension cells was significantly inhibited by the treatment of MeOH extract or water extract of ‘Orange’ race as compared with the treatment of susceptible race, ‘Grape-01’. Treatment of MeOH or water extract from ‘Orange’ race to turnip suspension cells, strongly inhibited cell viability up to 22.7% or 16.5%, respectively. However, plant cells treated with MeOH or water extract from resistant race, ‘Orange’ showed higher I3M content than that from susceptible race, ‘Grape-01’. These results suggest that accumulation and degradation of I3M glucosinolate in turnip cells closely related to the resistance and susceptibility of turnip cells to Botrytis cinerea. 8종의 잿빛곰팡이병 균주를 순무잎에 접종하여 병반의 크기를확인한 결과 가장 강한 감염력을 보인 ‘포도-01’ 균주와 병반의확산이 가장 적은 ‘오랜지’를 선발하였다. 순무잎이 저항성을 보인 ‘오랜지’균주를 처리한 잎이 감수성을 보인 ‘포도-01’균주를처리한 잎보다 indole-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate (I3M-GLS) 함량이 무처리 보다 2.5배 이상 높았으나 ‘포도-01’ 균주를 처리한 잎에서는 무처리 보다 낮은 함량을 보였다. 균주의 메탄올추출액과 물추출물을 식물배양세포에 처리한 결과 ‘오랜지’균주의 추출물이 ‘포도-01’ 균주의 추출물보다 배양세포의 생장을 더 강하게 억제 한 것으로 나타났는데 ‘오랜지’ 균주의 메타놀및 물 추출물 처리에서 배양세포의 활력은 각각 22.7% 및 16.5% 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 ‘오랜지’균주 추출물을 처리한 배양세포에서 I3M-GLS의 생합성이 ‘포도-01’ 균주 추출물보다 현저히 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 결과로 보아 식물체내에생합성되는 I3M-GLS 함량은 잿빛곰팡이균에 대한 식물세포의저항성과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 판단된다

S and N Fertilizations Affect the Content of Desulfoglucosinolates in Broccoli Sprouts

Jun Gu Lee,Jin-Cheol Jeong,Young Ho Yoon,Dong Chil Chang,Choun Soo Park 한국원예학회 2005 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.46 No.5

The effects of Sand N fertilizations on sprout growth and the contents of individual glucosinolates in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) were investigated using sprout culture system. Broccoli sprouts were cultivated by fertilizing with combinations of S (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 ㎎ㆍL?¹) and N concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 100 ㎎ㆍL?¹) at 25℃. The growth of sprouts increased progressively in proportion to N concentration, while the increase was partly arrested with the higher S levels in culture solution, concomitantly showing abnormal cotyledon expansion. A total of ten desulfoglucosinolates were identified and the variation of individual and total glucosinolate contents were significantly affected by S and N fertilization. Herein the S levels were shown to be more significant factors than N levels for the contents of glucosinolates. The significantly higher contents of total glucosinolate were observed in the sprouts cultivated on S level of 80 ㎎ㆍL?¹, performing the increase of some major glucosinolates, such as progoitrin, glucoraphanin, gluconasturtiin, and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin. Consequently, the total and individual glucosinolate contents of broccoli sprouts could be changed and increased with S and N levels. This trials showed that the regulation of S and N levels in culture solution could be good method for high quality sprout production.

The mechanism of deterioration of the glucosinolate-myrosynase system in radish roots during cold storage after harvest

Lee, Jeong Gu,Lim, Sooyeon,Kim, Jongkee,Lee, Eun Jin Elsevier 2017 Food chemistry Vol.233 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The hydrolysis of glucosinolates (GSLs) by myrosinase yields varieties of degradation products including isothiocyanates (ITCs). This process is controlled by the glucosinolate­myrosinase (G-M) system. The major ITCs in radish roots are raphasatin and sulforaphene (SFE), and the levels of these compounds decrease during storage after harvest. We investigated the G­M system to understand the mechanism behind the decrease in the ITCs in radish roots. Six varieties of radish roots were stored for 8weeks at 0–1.5°C. The concentrations of GSLs (glucoraphasatin and glucoraphenin) were maintained at harvest levels without significant changes during the storage period. However, SFE concentration and myrosinase activity remarkably decreased for 8weeks. Pearson correlation analysis between ITCs, GSLs, and myrosinase activity showed that a decrease of SFE during storage had a positive correlation with a decrease in myrosinase activity, which resulted from a decrease of ascorbic acid but also a decrease of myrosinase activity-related gene expressions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Major isothiocyanates in radish roots are raphasatin (RH) and sulforaphene (SFE). </LI> <LI> The levels of these beneficial compounds decrease during cold storage after harvest. </LI> <LI> We first tried to clear the cause of RH and SFE reduction of harvested radish roots. </LI> <LI> The decrease of SFE comes from the deterioration of the glucosinolate­myrosinase system. </LI> <LI> The deterioration is caused by the reduction of myrosinase activity and ascorbate content. </LI> </UL> </P>