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Role of Th2 cytokines on the onset of asthma induced by <i>meta</i>‐xylene in mice
Hong, Seongx2010,Gyeol,Hwang, Yunx2010,Ho,Mun, Seulx2010,Ki,Kim, Sux2010,Jin,Jang, Hox2010,Yeol,Kim, Hangun,Paik, Man‐,Jeong,Yee, Sungx2010,Tae John Wiley Sons, Inc. 2019 Environmental toxicology Vol.34 No.10
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><I>meta</I>‐Xylene (<I>m</I>‐xylene) is one of three isomers of xylene, which is widely used as a solvent and detergent in various industries and medical technology. Exposure to volatile organic compounds, such as <I>m</I>‐xylene, causes pulmonary inflammation and airway inflammation, thereby contributing to the onset of asthma. Exposure to <I>m</I>‐xylene increases acute wheezing and intensity of asthma symptom. However, the mechanism of the onset of asthma by <I>m</I>‐xylene has not been studied yet. C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged by <I>m</I>‐xylene at 100 or 300 mg/kg. The mice were then sacrificed after the last challenge. Exposure to <I>m</I>‐xylene increased the total number of inflammatory cells and the production of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13, and immunoglobulin E related to the Th2 immune response. In contrast, the production of interferon‐γ related to the Th1 immune response was decreased. In addition, the airway resistance increased according to the airway hyper‐responsiveness measurements. Finally, a histological analysis revealed infiltration of inflammatory cells, mucus production, and lung fibrosis. These results suggest that <I>m</I>‐xylene is a potential risk factor for asthma and the onset of asthma is caused by TH2 cytokines.</P>
Nguyen, Ducx2010,Toan,Cho, Inx2010,Seon,Kim, Jeongx2010,Whun,Kim, Kyoungx2010,Rae,Lee, Gwang,Paik, Man‐,Jeong John Wiley Sons, Ltd 2013 Biomedical chromatography Vol.27 No.2
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>A novel derivatization method was developed for the simultaneous determination of six acidic metabolites of catecholamine and serotonin by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The metabolites were converted to <I>O</I>‐ethoxycarbonyl/<I>tert</I>‐butyldimethylsilyl (EOC/TBDMS) derivatives for the direct GC‐MS analysis in selected ion monitoring mode. Their mass spectral pattern as EOC/TBDMS derivatives showed characteristic fragment ions of [M – 15]<SUP>+</SUP> and [M – 57]<SUP>+</SUP>, which permitted rapid and accurate structural confirmation of acidic metabolites. The present method was linear (<I>r</I> ≥ 0.998), reproducible (percentage relative standard deviation = 1.0–10.0) and accurate (% relative error = −9.7–9.8) with detection limits of 0.001–4.7 ng/mL. When applied to human urine samples, the method allowed simultaneous determination of six acidic metabolites of catecholamine and serotonin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</P>