Impact of Irradiation Time on the Hydrolysis of Waste Activated Sludge by the Dielectric Heating of Microwave

Tae Joo Park,Im Gyu Byun,Jae Ho Lee,Ji Sung Lim,Jeong Min Lee 대한환경공학회 2014 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.19 No.1

The effects of initial solid concentration and microwave irradiation (MWI) time on the hydrolysis of waste activated sludge (WAS)were investigated. MWI time strongly influenced WAS hydrolysis for all initial solid concentrations of 8.20, 31.51, and 52.88 g VSS/L. For all WAS, the volatile suspended solids (VSS) solubilization degree ranged from 35.6% to 38.4% during a total MWI time of 10 min. Solublechemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentration increased at a rate proportional to the decrease of VSS during the MWI. However, the clearly different VSS solubilization patterns that were observed during the MWI were explained by the 2-step hydrolysis of WAS, consisting of the initial disintegration of the easily degradable part of the sludge, followed by the subsequent disintegration of the hardlydegradable part of the sludge. WAS hydrolysis rates for 3 to 6 min of MWI were significantly lower than those for less than 3 min, or more than 6 min. From these results, 3 min MWI time and WAS of 31.51 g VSS/L (centrifugal thickener WAS) showed the most efficienthydrolysis of WAS at 36.0%. The profiles of total nitrogen (T-N) concentrations corresponded well to the SCOD increases in terms of the empirical formula of bacterial cell mass (C5H7O₂N). The negligible T-N increase and pH decrease during WAS hydrolysis by MWI will allowthe application of this process to subsequent biological processes, such as anaerobic digestion.

Purification and Characterization of Helicobacter pylori ${\gamma}$-Glutamyltranspeptidase

Song, Jae-Young,Choi, Yeo-Jeong,Kim, Jeong-Min,Kim, Yoo-Ree,Jo, Jin-Seong,Park, Jin-Sik,Park, Hee-Jin,Song, Yun-Gyu,Lee, Kon-Ho,Kang, Hyung-Lyun,Baik, Seung-Chul,Youn, Hee-Shang,Cho, Myung-Je,Rhee, Kw The Korean Society for Microbiology 2011 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol.41 No.4

Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the cell extract of H. pylori. The purified enzyme consisted of heavy and light subunits with molecular weights of 38 kDa and 21 kDa, respectively. N-terminal amino acid sequence of heavy and light subunits revealed that H. pylori GGT was processed into 3 parts for a signal peptide of 27 amino acid residues, a heavy subunit of 352 residues, and a light subunit of 188 residues during translation. The reaction rate for hydrolysis of ${\gamma}$-GpNA was 84.4 ${\mu}mol/min$ per milligram of protein, and that for the ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transfer from ${\gamma}$-GpNA to gly-gly was 23.8 ${\mu}mol/min$ per milligram of protein. The apparent Km values of H. pylori GGT for ${\gamma}$-glutamyl compounds were on the order of $10^{-3}$ to $10^{-4}$ M and those for acceptor peptides and amino acids were on the order of $10^{-1}$ to $10^{-2}$ M. The GGT protein kept approximately 80% of the initial enzymatic activity on incubation at $60^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. The optimum temperature and pH for reactions of both hydrolysis and transpeptidation were $40^{\circ}C$ and 9.0, respectively. The transpeptidation and hydrolysis reactions catalyzed by H. pylori GGT were strongly inhibited by L-Gln and moderately inhibited by L-Ala, L-Ser, ${\beta}$-chloro-L-Ala, and L-Glu. These results demonstrated that the biochemical properties of H. pylori GGT are different from those of other bacterial GGTs. Further, H. pylori GGT might degrade glutathione in the gastric mucous layer of humans if the enzyme could be secreted in the bacterial niches.

향나무와 그 變種들의 Isoperoxidase와 Isoesterase의 變異

鄭宇珪,成敏雄,金鼎錫 慶尙大學校 기초과학연구소 1992 基礎科學硏究所報 Vol.8 No.-

In this study the relationship between Juniperus chinensis and its seven varieties-J. chinensis var. procumbens, J. chinensis var. horizontalis, J. chinensis var. sargentil, J. chinensis var. kaizuka, J. chinensis var. aureo-variegata, J. chinensis var. globosa, J. chinensis var. aureo-globosa and J. rigida were analyzed by electro-phoresis of two souble enzyme systems (isoperoxidase and isoesterase). The results obtained from this study were as follows : Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii and J. rigida in the study of isoenzymes, showed the variable banding patterns of isoperoxidase and they were considered to be reproduced mainly by allogamy. Other variants had similiar banding patterns among individuals and their main reproduction stratagies were asexual. The largest number of the isoperoxidase hands was observed in J. chinensis var. procumbens(12bands). Other variants had 7-11 bands. Juniperus chinensis var. procumbens and J. chinensis var. horizontalis shared the largest number of a common band which had the same molecular weight but also between the two sample trees. In each sample four to seven isoesterase bands were observed. The largest number of the isoenzyme common bands(6 bands) described above was identified between J. chinensis var. procumbens and J. chinensis var. horizontalis.

생물 교육의 다양성 단원에 활용을 위한 경남도내 자생하는 영지버섯(Ganoderma)의 조사

정우규,성민웅 慶尙大學校 기초과학연구소 1989 基礎科學硏究所報 Vol.5 No.-

1985년 8월부터 1988년 8월까지 경상남도내 자생영지(Ganoderma)의 몇가지를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 적지, 흑지, 황지, 백지의 4종류의 영지가 발견되었다. 이들 중에서 적지가 가장 많이 발견되고 백지는 매우 귀하게 발견되었고 자지와 청지는 발견되지 않았다. 주요한 숙주식물은 참나무속 식물들이었다. 영지버섯을 초등부터 고등학교까지 생물교과서에서는 기재되지 않은 종이었으나 생물의 다양성 단원교육에서 교육 자료로 활용가치가 높으므로 이의 활용이 요망된다고 생각된다. Gonoderma growing naturally in Kyo˘ngsangnam-do was surveyed during the 1985 to 1988. Four kinds of G. lucidum such as red, black, yellow, and white were found. Among them, red G. lucidum was mostly found, while white G. lucidum was very rare. Purplish and blue G. lucidum was not found. Their shapes were round, kidney or other types. The main host trees were genus Quercus. G. lucidum was widly distributed in Kyo˘ngsnagnam-do. Fungi appearing in the biology text books of the elementary and secondary school was consisted of 1 phylum, 4 classes, 6 orders, 9 families, 10 genera, and 11 species. G. lucidum was not recorded in the biology text books. But this species can be used as a teaching material for application in the diversity unit of biology education.

비만 관련인자와 ALT 증가와의 관련성

민홍기,이정규,이하린,박현지,김윤진,이상엽 부산대학교 병원 암연구소 2009 부산대병원학술지 Vol.- No.25

月牙山의 植物相과 生物敎科書에 나오는 植物種類와의 比較

鄭宇珪,成敏雄,鄭重圭 慶尙大學校 1989 論文集 Vol.28 No.2

경상남도 진양군, 진주시에 인접한 월아산 지역의 식물을 1986년 3월부터 1988년 8월까지 채집하여 월아산의 식물목록을 작성하고 이를 1985년 이후 발행 된 국민학교, 중학교 및 고등학교 생물 교과서에 나오는 식물과 비교하여 월아산을 교재원으로써 활용여부를 검토하고자 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 이 지역의 식물상은 3아문 5강 1아강 41목 117과 368속 497종 1아종 75변종 7품종으로 모두 580종류로 구성되어 있다. 이중 53종류의 식재종,79종류의 외래종 및 19종류의 귀화종이 포함되어 있었다. 이들 중 교과서에 나타나는 식재종, 외래종, 귀화종은 각각 22종, 24종과 6종이었다. 2. 월아산의 조사된 관속식물 580종류는 석송아문 2종, 속새아문 2종, 고사리강 20종, 나자식물강 14종, 단자엽식물아강 117종, 쌍자엽식물아강 425종으로 구성되어 있었다. 3. 이 지역의 식물에 대한 도시화지수와 양치식물 계수는 각각 17.3과 0.89로 나타났다. 이들의 값은 한반도의 100종과 1.68보다 낮다. 4. 가장 많은 종류를 나타낸 과 (Family)는 국화과 50종(8.6%)이고, 다음이 벼과 42종(7.2%),장미과 34종(5.9%), 콩과 28종(4.8%), 백합과 26종(4.5%)의 순이었다. 5. 이 지역의 자원식물은 총 580종류 중 식용자원이 249종 (41.4%)으로 가장 많고 다음이 약용자원 225종(38.8%) ,관상용자원87종(15.0%)이었으며, 공업용 자원이 4종(0.7%)으로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 6. 생물 교과서에 나오는 식물은 국민학교 33종, 중학교 63종, 고등학교 208종인데 중복을 피하는 종수는 총 214종이었다. 교과서에 나오는 214종 중에 월아산에서 조사된 식물은 105종으로 국민학교 19종(57.6%), 중학교32종(50.8%),고등학교 80종(38.4%)이 생물 교과서 나오는 식물임이 밝혀졌다. 7. 생물 교과서에 나오는 식물 214종 중 월아산에서 조사된 식물이 105종(49.1%)을 차지하고 있어 월아산은 진주지역의 교재원으로써 활용도가 높은 식물상으로 구성되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. Flora and plant resources of. Mt. Woula belonging to Chinyang -gun. Kyongsangnam-do province and neighboring the city of Chinju were collected and surveyed from March. 1986. The plant list of Mt. Woula was compared with the plant kinds written in the bioloy text books primary school, millde school and high school which have been published since 1985. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The flora of this area consisted of 3 subdivision, 5 classes, 1 subclass, 41 orders, 117 families, 368 genera, 497 species, 1 subspeices, 75 varicties, 7 forma. The total plants of 580 species were composed of 53 species in the planted plants, 79 species in the introduced plants, 19 species in the naturalized plants, and other. Among them, planted plants, introduced plants, and naturalized plants in the biology text books were 22, 24 and 6 species. 2. The vascular bundle plants of 580 species collected in Mt. Woula were composed of 2 species in Lycopsida, 2 species in Sphenopsida, 20 species in Pteropsida, 14 species in Gymnospermae, 117 species in Monocotyledoneae, and 425 species in Dicotyledoneae. 3. Urbanization index and crytogram coefficient in this area showed 17.3 and 0.89 respectively. These value is lower than 100 index and 1.68 coefficient of Korean peninsula. 4. The families containing the larges number of species were 50 species(8.5%) in Compositae, 42 species(7.2%) in Grmineae, and others. 5. The plant resources of 580 species in this area consisted of 240 species(41.4%) in edible resources, 225 species(38.8%) in medicinal resources, 87 species(15.0%) in ornamental resources, and others. 6. Plants written down on biology text books in this area consisted of 19 species (57.6%) in primary school, 32 species (50.8%) in middle school and 80 species (38.4%) in high school. The plants writtern in biology text books were 33 species in primary school, 63 species in middle school and 208 species in high school. The total list was 214 species. 7. The plants which appeared in the biology text books among the total plant kinds surveyed in Mt. Woula were 105 species(49.1%) of all the plant kinds written down on the text books. It was shown that the plant kinds of Mt. Woula were composed of flora valuable as the teaching material at Chinju area.

유관속 식물 분류의 강과 생태형에 따른 잎 전후면의 기공 분포

鄭宇珪,成敏雄,尹福任 慶尙大學校 1989 論文集 Vol.28 No.2

관속실물 118종이 잎 전후면의 기공분포와 생태학적 식물형과 계통 분류와의 연관성을 찾기 위하여 1987년부터 1988년까지 2년에 걸쳐 경상대학교 가좌 캠퍼스 내의 식물을 채집하여 잎 전후면의 기공분포를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 고사리류는 기공이 잎의 후면에만 분포하였다. 나자식물, 외떡잎식물, 쌍떡잎식물에서는 잎의 전후면에 기공이 분포하였으며, 기공 분포 비율은 잎 후면에서 각각 66%, 66%및 85%로 높게 나타났다. 2. 나자식물 8종 중에서 소철, 은행나무, 주목 및 전나무 4종은 잎 후면에만 기공이 분포하였고, 평균적으로 전면 43, 후면 65였다. 3. 외떡잎식물 34종의 경우 잎 전면에만 기공이 분포하는 식물은 가래와 죽순대 2종이었고, 후면에만 기공이 분포하는 식물은 백합, 청미래덩굴, 보춘화 및 닭의 난초 4종이었다. 나머지 31종은 잎 전후면에 기공이 분포하였고, 평균 전면 58, 후면 92였다. 4. 쌍떡잎 식물 70여종 중에서 38종은 기공이 잎의 후면에만 존재하였고, 나머지 32종은 전후면에 모두 분포하고 있었고, 평균 전면 27 후면 175이었다. 5. 초본과 목본의 비교에서 기공수는 잎의 후면에서는 목본이 158(85%)개로 초본 120(68%)개 보다 많았고, 잎 전면에서는 목본이 14(15%)개로 초본 58(30%)개 보다 적었다. 상록수와 낙엽수 비교해서 잎의 후면에서는 낙엽수가 201(99%)개로 상록수 126(75%)개 보다 많았고, 전면에서는 상록수가 12(16%)개로 낙엽수 3(1%)개 보다 많았다. 6. 다육식물과 비다육식물 비교해서 기공 분포는 다육 식물의 경우 ㎟단위 면적당 평균 기공 수가 잎 전면에서 33개, 잎 후면에서 34(50%)개, 길이는 각각41㎛로 잎 전후면이 유사하게 나타났다. 비다육식물은 ㎟단위 면적당 평균 기공 수가 잎 전면에서 36(19%)개, 잎 후면에서 149(81%)개로 잎 후면이 높게 나타났다. 7. 잎 전후면 1㎟당 분포하는 평균 기공 수를 합친 기공 수는 속새강 114개, 고사리류 104개, 나자식물 108개, 외떡잎식물 140개, 쌍떡잎식물 203개로 하등에서 고등으로 갈수록 기공 수가 높게 나타났다. A total of 118 species of vascular plants collected at Kajoa Campus, Gyeongsang National University from 1987 to 1988 was observed to determine their systematic relations and ecological plant form by analyzing the distribution of the stomata on both sides of the leaves. 1. The stomata were distributed only on lower surface of leaves in Filicinae, but they were found on both upper and lower surface of leaves in Gymnospermae, Monocotyledoneae and Dicotyledoneae. The stomatal distribution on lower surface of leaves apperared high 66% in Gymnospermae, 66% in Monocotyledonae and 66% in Dicotyledonae of the total number of stomata on both upper and lower surfaces of leaves. 2. The stomata were distributed only on lower surface of leaves in Cycas revoluta, Ginkgo biloba, Taxus cuspidata and Abies holophylla, but they were found on upper surface of leaves in pinus koraiensis, among eight species of Gymnospermae. The average number was 43 on upper surface and 65 on lower surface of leaves. 3. The stomata were distributed only on upper surface of leaves in Potamogeton distinctus and Phyllostachys pubescens, they were found on lower surface of leaves in Lilium longiflorunn, Smilax china, Cymbidium goeringii and Epipactis thunbergii, and they were distributed on both upper and lower surfaces of leaves in twenty- eight of the other thirty-five species of Monocotyledoneae. The average number was 58 on upper surface and 92 on lower surface of leaves. 4. The stomata were distributed only on lower surface of leaves in thirty-eight species in total of seventy species of Dicotyledoneae and they were found upper and lower surfaces of leaves in thirty-two species of all seventy species of Dicotyledoneae. The average number was 27 on upper surface and 175 on lower surface of leaves. 5. The stomatal number, or 158(85%) on lower surface of leaves in wood plant was higher in distribution than that or 120(68%) on lower surface of leaves in the herbaceous. The stomatal number, or 14(15%), on upper surface of leaves in wood plant was smaller in distribution than stomatal number, or 58(30%) on upper the herbaceous. The stomatal number, or 201(99%) on lower surfaces of leaves was more densely distributed in deciduous trees than the stomatal number, or 126(75%) on lower surface of leaves in evergreen trees, The stomatal number, or 12(16%) on upper surface was more densely distributed in evergreen trees than the stomatal number, or 3(1%), on the upper surface of leaves in deciduous trees. 6. The succulent plant was equal in number and size of stomata on both upper and lower surflaces of leaves. In other words it had 33-34 Stomata (50%) respecitively and 41μm length in size of stomata. But the non-succulent plant hard 36 stomata(19%) on the upper surface of leaves and 149(81%) stomata on the lower surface of leaves. The number and size of stomata in the succulent plant appeared similar in comparison with those in the non-succulent plant. 7. The total number of stoamta per ㎟ on both upper and lower surfaces was 114 in Equisetineae, 104 in Fern, 108 in Gymnospermal, 140 in Monocotyledoneae and 203 in Dicotyledoneae. The stomatal number proved to be more and more increasely in sequence of Equisetineae, Filicinae, Gymospermae, Momocotyledoneae, and Dicotyledoneae.

향나무와 그 變種들의 類綠關係에 關한 核學的 硏究

鄭宇珪,孫玲杰,成敏雄,金鼎錫 慶尙大學校 기초과학연구소 1992 基礎科學硏究所報 Vol.8 No.-

In this study the relationship among Juniperus chinensis and its seven varieties-J. chinensis var. procumbens, J. chinensis var. horizontalis, J. chinensis var sargentii, J. chinensis var, kaizuka, J. chinensis var. aureo-variegata, J. chinensis var. globosa, J. chinensis var. aureo-globosa-and J. rigida was studied by using the karyological methods. The results obtained from this study were as follows : In the karyotype analysis, J. chinensis, J. chinensis var. horizontalis, J. chinensis var. sargentii, J. chinensis var. globosa, J. chinensis var. aureo-globosa, and J. rigida were diploid with 2n=22, although J. chinensis var. procumbens, J. chinensis var. kaizuka and J. chinensis var. aureo-variegata were tetraploid with 2n=44. According to descending order of the total length of the chromosomes and the length of short and long arms, from the arrangement order of chromosomes and the position of centromeres, J. chinensis var. procumbens and J. chinensis var. horizontalis were categorized into the first group J. chinensis var. kaizuka and J. chinensis var. aureo-variegata were into the second group, and J. chinensis var, globosa and J. chinensis var. aureo-globosa were into the third group, respectively. Aneuploid(2n=26) in the C-band staining of J. chinensis var. aureo-variegata was identified, although it normally showed 2n=44 as karyotype. Because light was emitted from all chromatids of the samples by fluorescent light staining with DAPI, A-T rich regions would be located all over the chromatids.

초피나무( Zanthoxylum piperitum D.C.) 種子의 아미노산과 脂肪酸 組成의 分析

鄭宇珪,安重極,成敏雄 경상대학교 과학교육연구소 1996 科學敎育硏究所報 Vol.16 No.1

본 연구는 식용으로 활용할 수 있는 蛋白質源과 油脂源을 얻기 위해 초피나무 종실에 있어 단백질과 지질의 아미노산과 지질의 조성을 분석한 것이며, 아미노산 자동 분석기와 gas liquid chromatography법으로 초피나무 종자의 아미노산과 지방산을 동정한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 종자 단백질에서는 총 104,445.1㎍/g의 아미노산이 함유되어 있었다. 17종류의 아미노산이 분석되었다. 이들 아미노산들 가운데 함량이 많은 아미노산은 아스파르트산 13.18%, 아르기닌 10.06%와 류신 9.34% 등이었다. 총 필수 아미노산은 53,458.0㎍/g 이고 51.18%에 해당하였고 9개의 필수 아미노산이 비교적 많이 함유되어 있었다. 종자의 지방은 건물중량의 30.5%였고, 11종류의 지방산이 분석되었다. 주요 지방산은 oleic acid 37.68%, linoleic acid 15.69%, linolenic acid 4.76% 및 palmitoleic acid 10.90% 등 69.03%를 차지하는 불포화지방산들이었으며, 필수지방산인 linoleic acid와 linolenic acid가 20.45%였다. 이상의 결과들을 볼 때 초피나무의 종자는 가치 있는 蛋白質源과 油脂源이었다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the amino acid composition of protein and fatty acid composition of lipid in the seed of Japanese pepper; Zanthoxylum piperitum D.C. For food protein and oil source, the amino acid and fatty acid composition were determined by the methods of amino acid autoanalyzer and gas liquid chromatography. The results were summarized as follows; Total amino acid of seed protein was 104,445.10㎍/g. Seventeen different kinds of amino acids were analyzed from seed protein. Among them, comparatively high content of asparatic acid(13.18%), arginine(10.06%) and leucine(9.34%) were contained. Total essential amino acid was 53,458.0㎍/g and 51.18%. Among total amino acid, nine different kinds of essential amino acid were contained comparatively high content. The crude oil of seed was 30.5% of dry weight. Eleven kinds of fatty acids were analyzed from the seed lipid. Among them, the main fatty acids were unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid(37.68%), linoleic acid(15.69%), linolenic acid(4.76%), palmitoleic acid(10.90%) and etc. These unsaturated fatty acids were 69.03%. Also essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid were total 20.45% From these results, the seeds of Z. piperitum would be good for protein and oil source.

민초피나무( Zanthoxylum piperitum D.C. var. inerme Makino) 種子의 아미노산과 脂肪酸 助成의 分析

鄭宇珪,安重極,成敏雄 경상대학교 과학교육연구소 1996 科學敎育硏究所報 Vol.16 No.1

본 연구는 최근에 국내에도 자생하는 것으로 알려진 민초피나무의 종자에서 식용으로 활용할 수 있는 蛋白質源 油脂源을 얻기 위해 민초피나무 종실에 있어 단백질과 지질의 아미노산과 지질의 조성을 분석한 것이며, 아미노산 자동 분석기와 gas liquid chromatography법으로 민초피나무 종자의 아미노산과 지방산을 동정한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 종자 단백질에서는 총 92,380.0㎍/g의 아미노산이 함유되어 있었다. 17종류의 아미노산이 분석되었다. 이들 아미노산들 가운데 함량이 많은 아미노산은 아스파르트산 13.95%, 아스파라긴 11.60%와 류신 9.39% 등이었다. 총 필수 아미노산은 47,740.2㎍/g이고 51.68%에 해당하였고 9개의 필수 아미노산이 비교적 많이 함유되어 있었다. 종자의 지방은 건물중량의 29.4%였고, 10종류의 지방산이 분석되었다. 주요 지방산은 oleic acid 33.44%, linoleic acid 14.96%, linolenic acid 6.19% 및 palmitoleic acid 9.50% 등 65.09%를 차지하는 불포화지방산들이었으며, 필수지방산인 linoleic acid와 linolenic acid가 21.15%였다. 이상의 결과들을 볼 때 초피나무의 종자는 가치 있는 蛋白質源과 油脂源이었다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the amino acid composition of protein and fatty acid composition of lipid in the seeds of Zanthoxylum piperitum D.C. var. inerme Makino. For food protein and oil source, the amino acid and fatty acid composition were determined by the methods of amino acid autoanalyzer and gas liquid chromatography. The results were summarized as follows; Total amino acid of seed protein was 92,380.0㎍/g. Seventeen kinds of amino acids were analyzed from seed protein. Among them, comparatively high content of aspartic acid(13.95%), arginine(11.62%) and leucine(9.39%) were contained. Total essential amino acid was 47,740.2㎍/g and 51.68%. Among total amino acid, nine different kinds of essential amino acid were contained comparatively high content. The crude oil of seed was 29.4% of dry weight. Ten kinds of fatty acids were analyzed from the seed lipid. Among them, the main fatty acids were unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid(34.44%), linoleic acid(14.96%), linolenic acid(6.19%), palmitoleic acid(9.50%) etc. These unsaturated fatty acids were 65.09%. Also essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid were total 21.15% From these results, the seeds of Z. piperiturm var. inerme would be good for protein and oil source.