노걸대 3종 판본 내 중국어 명사 접미사의 형태론적 생산성에 대한 통시적 연구

( Maeng¸ Junghwan ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.95

본 논문은 원명청(元明清)대에 걸쳐 출판된 노걸대 3종 판본을 바탕으로 명사 접미사의 형태론적 생산성의 역사적 변천 과정에 관한 연구를 진행하였다. 노걸대는 당시 구어체 북방 관화를 기록한 자료로써 원대부터 청대에 이르기까지의 언어적 변화를 담고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 노걸대 3종 판본을 코퍼스 자료로 사용하여 명사 접미사의 형태론적 생산성을 분석하였다. 형태론적 생산성은 각 명사 형태소가 생성해낼 수 있는 새로운 어휘의 종류의 수를 바탕으로 측정되었다. 분석 결과 -儿이 원대부터 청대에 걸쳐 가장 높은 생산성을 지니고 있는 것으로 판명된 반면, 명사 접미사 -子와 -們의 경우 이 기간 동안 생산성이 지속적으로 감소하는 양상을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 형태론적 생산성과 어휘화의 밀접한 관련성에 대한 실증적 근거를 제시함과 동시에 형태론적 법칙을 통해 생성된 어휘와 어휘 목록에 등록된 어휘가 서로 독립적인 영역에 속해 있음을 시사하고 있다. This study focuses on the historical change in the productivity of Chinese nominal suffixes based on three versions of Laoqida (老乞大) published in the Yuan, Ming and Qing periods respectively. Because Laoqida transcribes spoken Chinese language at the time and also reflects language change over time spanning from the Yuan to Qing period, it serves as a corpus database that allows us to examine the premodern spoken Chinese language. Using Laoqida as a corpus database, this study used hapax-based analysis to examine morphological productivity of the nominal suffixes (-zi, -er, -men) under investigation based on the number of novel expressions created by each suffix. The findings of the study show that -er remains as the most productive suffix throughout the Yuan-Qing periods whereas the productivity of -zi and -men continues to decline over the same periods. The results of the study suggest that the morphological productivity and the lexicalization of derived words are closely associated with each other. Furthermore, the study provides evidence that lexicon and morphology should be considered as two independent domains.

C-NMR Spectroscopy에 의한 Olefin-Vinylchloride 공중합체의 tacticity에 관한 연구

맹기석,황택성 忠南大學校 産業技術硏究所 1990 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.5 No.1

Homo PVC and olefin-vinylchloride copolymers have been prepared by free-radical copolymerization at 60℃. Molecular weights of PVC and copolymers have been caracterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and C-NMR. We are used to calculate the tacticity shifts in the C-NMR spectra of PVC and copolymers by Bovey first order Markov statistics. Copolymers of vinyl chloride with isobutylene, propylene from 1.58 to 8.0mol% olefin, is found to random arrangment by ??C-NMR spectroscopy. The values of molecular weights of the copolymer ranged from 2.38 to 7.03×10⁴, measured by GPC. It was found that both the degree of conversion and molecular weight decreased in accordance with the increase of comonomer ratio in the copolymer.

죽순의 화학적 특성 및 염장 죽순 제조과정 중 성분 변화

유맹자,정희종 한국식품영양학회 1999 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.12 No.6

죽순의 가공 식품으로서의 적합성을 규명하고 염장죽순에 대한 과학적 자료를 마련하기 위차여 왕죽, 분죽, 맹종죽 죽순의 화학적 특성과 염장 죽순 제조 과정에서의 화학적 성분변화를 검토하였다. 수분. 조지방 함량은 염장기간에 따라 서서히 감소하였고 조단백. 회분의 함량은 증가하였으며 pH는 염장 80일째까지 감소하였다가 80일 이후부터는 다시 증가하였고 염 농도는 맹종죽 죽순이 가강 높은 염 농도를 보였으며 숙성이 진행되는 60일째 최고 염 농도를 보였다가 그 이후는 조금씩 감소하였다. 탄닌과 아스코르브산 함량은 염장 중에 계속 완만한 감소를 보였다 유리 아미노산의 조성은 세린 아르기닌. 알라닌. 로이신. 티로신이 주요 아미노산으로 분석되었고, 숙성이 진행됨에 따라 총 유리아미노산 함량은 염장 120일째까지 지속적으로 감소하였다 특히 아르기닌이 가장 빠른 감소 폭을 보였으며 세린. 알라닌. 로이신 등은 서서히 감소하였다 총 유리아미노산의 함량은 원료 죽순 중 왕죽 죽순이 1.060.18㎎/100g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈고 다음으로 맹종죽 죽순이 612.29㎎/100g. 분죽 죽순이 539.76㎎/100g의 순으로 나타났으며 염장 죽순은 맹종죽 죽순이 76.60㎎/100g으로 가장 높았고 분죽 죽순이 44.43㎎/100g.왕죽 죽순이 43.70㎎/100g 나타나 염장 중 유리 아미노산의 감소가 큰 것을 알 수 있다. 무기성분의 경우 Mg, Ca. Na을 제외한 대두분이 원료 죽순에서 높은 함량이 분석되었는데 윈료 죽순은 K>P>Na>Ca>Mg>Fe>)Zn>Mn>Ge>Gu의 순으로 K의 함량이 가장 높았으나 숙성이 진행됨에 따라 P. Fe. Zn. Mn, Ge, Gu의 함량은 서서히 감소하고 K, Mg. Na. Ca의 함량은 증가하여 염장 l20일째에」Na>K>Ca>P>Fe>Ge>Mn>Zn의 순으로 Na 함량이 크게 증가하였다. In result of chemical properties of bamboo shoots and changes of chemical components of salted bamboo shoots during 120 days salting, the contents of moisture, crude fat, tannin and ascorbic acid were decreased but those of crude protein, crude ash and salt concentration were increased during salting. The pH was decreased in 80days-past of salting and after that, gradually increased. The main free amino acids of bamboo shoots were serine, arginine, alanine, leucine, and tyrosine. The content of total free amino acid was rapidly decreased in 80days-past of salting and after that, slowly decreased. Wang bamboo shoots was the highest as 1060.18㎎/l00g in content of total free amino acid. The main mineral elements were K, P, Na, and Mg. The contents of Fe and K were the highest among them. The contents of P, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ge and Cu were decreased but K, Mg, Na and Ca were increased during salting. When fresh bamboo shoots were compared with salted bamboo shoots, fresh bamboo shoots contained the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, tannin and ascorbic acid more than salted bamboo shoots did, but the less the contents of ash, fiber and salt concentration.

Alzheimer병의 역학

조맹제,함봉진 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1997 계명의대학술지 Vol.16 No.3

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is emerging as a major trouble for the patients and their families as well as community. Epidemiology of AD is the study of the distribution of AD and those factors that influence this distribution. Several findings were derived from reviewing the various epidemiologic studies of AD. Prevalence estimates of AD rise exponentially with age. Typical estimates for the age groups 60-69 years, 70-79 years, and 80-89 years are about 0.5%,3%, and 10%, respectively. All studies showed an exponentially increase in the incidence rate with age and several studies found that the proportion of incident dementias is attributable to AD increased with age. Except for age and family history of dementia, no definite risk factors for AD have yet been proven. Survival of AD patients is worse in early-onset cases and in men, and it appears to be related to the initial severity of the disease. Improvement of prognosis through intervention has been unsuccessful until now. It was shown that methodological variables such as definition of dementia, the design of the study, the characteristics of the sample and methods of assessment and diagnosis might have a significant effect on the results. New epidemiologic approaches to AD should be well designed prospective follow-up studies to provide more accurate information. Epidemiologic studies combined with pathophysiologic findings could be helpful in improvement of prevention and treatment of the AD.

資本構造의 理論

具孟會 釜山大學校 1983 經營 經濟 硏究 Vol.2 No.1

F. Modigliani and M. H. Miller(MM), in their outstanding papers of 1958 and 1963, stated the relationship between the behavior of the cost of capital and the value of a firm throughout all degrees of financial leverage. MM made a formidable attack on the traditional view on the cost of capital, capital structure and the valuation of a firm by suggesting three propositions about ① the average cost of capital, ② the cost of equity and ③ the cutoff rate in investment decision. Based on the three propositions, the study of the cost of capital and capital structure has been one of the main topics by financial theorists up to 1970's. Even in the beginning of 1980's the study is still conducted. It is no doubt that there are some limitations in proving MM's hypotheses. However, the reliability of MM's models based on the three propositions are still accepted as valid. Once we admit the assumptions of the perfect capital market and the constancy of cost of debt through all degrees of financial leverage, MM's models for ① the value of levered firm, ② the cost of equity funds and ③ the WACC do not present any inconsistency with those adjusted to the CAPM or to the personal income tax rate. And MM's average cost of capital can also be used as a cutoff rate in capital budgeting decisions. The arguments on the validity for the WACC model are mainly caused by the failure to recognize fact that the different WACC models (output) can be derived from the different input factors in calculation. That is, each WACC model represents its unique characteristics according to the following input factors in derivation. ① the type of cash flow like the before-tax cash flow, the overall cash flow or the net operating cash flow ② whether or not MM's valuation model(V_(L) = V_(U) + tB) is adjusted to the WACC model ③ the adjustment of KU's valuation model(V_(L) = V_(U) + MITS) to the WACC model ④ the adjustment of the personal income tax rate to the WACC model Each WACC after-tax is represented as a decreasing function of the financial leverage(B/V). That means the higher the financial leverage is, the lower the WACC after-tax is, which results in increase of the value of a levered firm. Such a functional relationship between the WACC after-tax and B/Vis also consistent in meaning with MM's valuation model of a levered firm, which presents the addition of the interest tax subsidy to the unleverd firm. Thus, the optimal capital structure can not exist theoretically if the irrational extreme level of fivancial leverage(B/V=1.0) is excluded. KU's models of a levered firm's valuation and the WACC are logically identical to the MM's. KU's models, however, removed MM's impractical hypotheses that the cost of debt is constant at all levels of financial leverage, and that all the firms should be the going-concern. Thus, KU's models are comprehended as the better tools in financial decisions in the sense that they are more contingent to the real financial situations. That is, the models have the higher flexibility in application, because they could be applied to every firm's valuation without limitation on the duration of business operation and the changes of debt costs. There are two factors affecting the value of a levered firm, when a firm increases the financial leverage. One is the interest tax subsidy and the other is the cost of financial distress. When a firm gradually substitutes the debt for equity funds, the former adds the value of the firm at the amount of tB(MM) or MITS(KU), whereas the latter reduces the firm's value as represented in the following models. MM: V_(L) = V_(U) + tB - FD KU: V_(L) = V_(U) + MITS -FD FD = the cost of financial distress If a firm increase step by step the financial leverage(B/V) up to 1.0 from 0.0, the cost of financial distress gradually carries the heavier weight (the reduction of a firm's value) than that of the interest tax subsidy (the addition of a firm's value). Thus, there should be a turning point of the value increasing trend in the range of 0.0< B/V <1.0 for a levered firm. That turning point of a firm's value is the indication of the optimal capital structure. That is, the capital structure composed at that turning point is the optimal capital structure which maximize the value of a firm. There are some difficulties, however, in measuring the cost of financial distress for the valuation of a firm, because the cost is always affected by many related factors. They are ① the nature of industry, ② the size of business, ③ the management situation, ④ the economic situation at the time of measurement and ⑤ the degree of competition and other business environments. Therefore, the measurement of the cost of financial distress is possibly attained for a particular firm at a specific period by research. However, it is concluded that the optimal capital structure can be surely explained by the counterbalance between the additional effect of the interest tax subsidy to the firm's value and the reduction effect of the firm's value due to the cost of financial distress.

과학과 인지적 영역의 평가에 관한 연구

신맹립,윤지홍,김규용 濟州大學校 師範大學 科學敎育硏究所 1986 科學敎育 Vol.3 No.-

The purpose of this study is to find out students' cognitve abilities in science lessons. Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives' Klopfer's Specification for Science Education, and Piaget's cognitive Development Theory were reviewed to build the evaluating tool. The contents of the constructed tool includes 33 percents' experimental items, and the rest were non-experimental. In the evaluating methods three types of questioning were adopted : multiple choice(79%), short answer test(l5%). and essay typy(6%). Data were collected from 359 students' who are attending middle schools in two cities in Cheju-do. To find out the statistical facts, students' scores were calculated into mean, standard deviation and percentile. The analysis of the data showed the following results : The average score of students' scientific thinking ability is around 58.3 which stands for lower state of thinking ability than expected. Students got higher scores in questions on the experimental-observational contents of learning. It seems that students understand this content of learning more easily than the others. However, students got very lower scores in the contents of learning which include such higher mental-processes as secondary, synthetic functions. It suggests that teachers ought to pay more attention to this content of learning to stimulate students higher mental ability. Score distribution and higher mental function showed positive relationship. The study has made certain that through the evaluating frame of cognitive domains we can assess students ability on the experimental areas of learning except the manual skills, even if paper tests are practiced.

放射線士의 職務滿足度에 關한 調査

朴孟祚,芮旻海 대구보건대학 1987 대구보건대학 論文集 Vol.10 No.-

To assess the job satisfaction of the radiotechnologists and the factors affecting to job satisfaction, a questionnaire survey was carried out on 110 radiotechnologists working in the general hospitals, local clinics, health centers and tuberculosis center in Taegu city from 1 April to 28 April 1986. The proportion of radiotechnologists who were working 10 or more hours a day was 40.5% in local clinic suggest that the working condition of them in local clinic is worse than that of those who were working only 8 hours a day in health center or tuberculosis center. The percentage of institutions which provided a regular health check-up for the radiotechnologists were 100% among general hospitals, health centers, and tuberculosis centers whereas 32.4% among local clinics. The satisfaction rate of radiotechnologists for competency development was the highest level(61.8%) and for working conditions was the lowest lever(14.5%) among job satisfaction factors. As age, working duration, total working career and monthly pay increased, the satisfaction rate of radiotechnologists for their job got higher. Age was positively correlated with total working career(r=0.992), working duration(r=0.679), monthly pay(r=4.484) and marital status(r=0.435), while education lever was negatively correlated with age(r=0.465), Marital status was correlated with monthly pay(r=0.406), and total working career(r=0.361). Monthly pay was correlated with total working caree(r=0.536) and working duration(r=0.417).

우리나라의 貿易 函數의 推定에 관한 硏究

장맹렬 慶南大學校 産業經營硏究所 1992 産業經營 Vol.15 No.-

한국어판 Composite International Dianostic Interview(K-CIDI)의 개발

조맹제,함봉진,서동우,홍진표,배재남,김장규,이동우,조성진 大韓神經精神醫學會 2002 신경정신의학 Vol.41 No.1

연구목적 : 본 연구는 국제적인 정신장애 진단도구인 Composite International Diagnostic Interview(CIDI)를 한국의 사회문화적 상황에 적합하게 번역하고 신뢰도 및 타당도를 평가하여 한국어판으로 개발하기 위한 것이다. 방 법 : CIDI는 정신장애를 평가하고 진단할 수 있는 포괄적이고, 완전히 표준화된 진단도구로 훈련받은 일반인들이 적용할 수 있기 때문에 대규모 역학조사에 적합하다. 세계보건기구에서 제공하는 CIDI 번역 지침에 따라 한국어판 CIDI(K-CIDI)를 제작하였다. 영어권과 한국의 언어 및 사회문화적 차이를 고려하여 번역 및 개정을 하였고 역번역을 통하여 원본의 의미와 일치하는지를 확인하였다. 임상환자를 135명과 일반인 5명을 대상으로 신뢰도와 타당도 검사를 실시하였다. 두 명의 평가자가 K-CIDI를 이용하여 동일한 대상자를 동시에 면담하고 일주일 뒤에 재검사를 실시하였다. K-CIDI로 검사를 받은 대상자들을 정신과 전공의와 임상심리사가 한국어판 Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Ⅳ를 이용하여 진단을 내렸다. 두 가지 진단의 일치도에 대한 kappa값을 산출하였다. 결 과 : CIDI의 번역에서 한국어 표현이 복잡하고 긴 문항은 두 개의 문장으로 분리하였고, 성과 관련된 표현과 의료체계 및 의료추구행태에서 사회문화적 차이를 반영하였다. 공포장애의 대상과 알코올 및 물질의 종류도 한국의 실정에 맞게 조정하였다. 현장 검사와 역번역 과정에서 K-CIDI가 적절하게 제작된 것으로 평가되었다. K-CIDI의 평가자간 신뢰도 검사는 140명에 대하여 이루어졌고 kappa값은 진단에 따라 0.86∼1.00범위였다. 검사/재검사 신뢰도 검사는 47명에 대해 이루어졌고 kappa값은 진단에 따라 0.42∼0.89였다. K-CIDI의 타당도 검사는 50명에 대해 이루어졌고 kappa값이 진단에 따라 0.50∼1.00의 범위였다. 결 론 : K-CIDI는 한국의 사회 문화적 배경에 적합하게 제작되었고 신뢰도 및 타당도 검사에서 역학연구에 적절한 진단도구로 평가되었다. Objectives : This study aims to develop a Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview(K-CIDI). Methods : The Composite International Diagnostic Interview(CIDI) is a comprehensive, fully standardized interview that can be used to assess psychiatric disorders and provide diagnoses. The K-CIDI was developed according to the guidelines provided by the WHO. The reliability and validity of the K-CIDI was evaluated by examining 135 psychiatric patients and five community residents. Subjects were jointly interviewed twice with a one-week interval. A psychiatric resident and clinical psychologist jointly determined clinical diagnoses using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Ⅳ. Results : Notable modifications were done on sex-related expression, health system and help seeking behavior, subjects for phobic disorder, and kinds of alcohol and substance. Long and complex questions were divided into two or more questions. Field test and back-translation of the K-CIDI confirmed the appropriateness of the translation of the CIDI. The inter-rater reliability, test/retest reliability, and validity of the K-CIDI indicated kappa values ranging from 0.86-1.00, 0.42-0.89, and 0.50-1.00, respectively. Conclusion : The K-CIDI was deemed to be appropriate for the sociocultural background of Koreans. The reliability and validity of the K-CIDI were judged to be exceptionally acceptable.

貿易 函數에 대한 理論的 硏究

張孟烈 慶南大學校 産業經營硏究所 1993 産業經營 Vol.16 No.-