Case of late hematoma after breast augmentation

Kim, Leslie,Castel, Nikki,Parsa, Fereydoun Don Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2018 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.45 No.2

We present a case report of a patient who experienced a late, spontaneous breast hematoma 26 years after primary breast augmentation. Late hematomas are a rare complication of breast augmentation with uncertain etiology. In this case, there was no trauma, calcifications, or implant rupture. We believe the patient's hematoma was secondary to erosion of a capsular vessel due to capsular contracture.

Case of late hematoma after breast augmentation

Leslie Kim,Nikki Castel,Fereydoun Don Parsa 대한성형외과학회 2018 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.45 No.2

We present a case report of a patient who experienced a late, spontaneous breast hematoma 26 years after primary breast augmentation. Late hematomas are a rare complication of breast augmentation with uncertain etiology. In this case, there was no trauma, calcifications, or implant rupture. We believe the patient’s hematoma was secondary to erosion of a capsular vessel due to capsular contracture.

A BENCHMARK ANALYSIS: EVALUATING FAIR TRADE E – RETAILING WEBSITES

Pielah Kim,Songyee Hur,Boram Park,Leslie Stoel 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2015 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2015 No.06

Introduction In 2011, consumers spent $ 6.6 billion on certified fair-trade products, for a 12% increase worldwide (Thompson, 2012). Fair-trade is a social movement aiming to set fair prices for products, alleviate poverty, and assist producers and workers marginalized by the traditional economic model. Online stores have emerged as an effective marketing channel for fair trade products due to their ability to inform and reach a broad range of customers for very low cost. And this trend piques our interest in examining fair trade online stores. How do online fair trade retail stores rate in terms of usability? This is important because usability constitutes a key factor of online store quality. Usability refers to the perceived ease of navigating and/or making purchases through the retail website (Flavian et al., 2006). Previous studies find evidence that the richness of information related to products, culture, and artisans are criteria for success in fair-trade business (Lee & Littrell, 2005). Incorrect and/or low quality information undermine consumer interest in ethical products and subsequently, reduce credibility of fair trade retailers and their products (Carrigan & Attalla, 2001; Maignan & Ferrell, 2004). Usability is a way to ensure information is presented in a manner that will engender the trust of consumers. Trust is defined as the willingness of a consumer to be vulnerable to the actions of a retailer based on the expectation that the retailer will perform a particular action (cf. Mayer et al., 1995). Trust is known to be an antecedent in building relationships (Rotter, 1971). Fair trade retailers operating online stores must consider two types of trust. One type is customers’ trust toward fair trade retailers. To create such trust, fair trade retailers must convey that the marginal price differences between fair trade products and commercial products will be used to help producers (Castaldo et al, 2009), and must be transparent in communicating the operational processes underlying fair trade retailing. The other type of trust is related to the website and reflects skepticism about completing transactions online (Gefen & Straub, 2003). Compared to a brick-and-mortar store, online customer’s trust is critical since a customer’s perceived risk in purchasing goods online can be reduced by trust (Ha & Stoel, 2008; Pavlou, 2003). Lack of social presence for an online store impedes development of a customer’s trust toward the retailer (Gefen & Straub, 2003). Building upon the existing literature, we posit that a low level of usability, due to its role in developing online interactivity and engagement, will lead to lack of trust building, which is critical in promoting the sale of fair trade products. The purposes of this study are (1) to propose how usability, interactivity, and engagement can improve trust building, and (2) to provide empirical evidence of the lack of usability, interactivity, and engagement in current fair trade online stores. Website usability allowing consumer interactivity and engagement is an essential website attribute for formulating trust. Thus, the goal of this study is to provide suggestions for competitive e-retailing strategies for fair trade retailers based on results of a benchmarking study comparing websites of commercial and fair trade retailers. Literature Review Website Usability. Usability is created through the use of advanced website attributes that allow greater involvement of customers. Website usability not only influences consumer attitudes but also trust toward the website or company (Childers et al, 2001; Roy et al., 2001). Recently, scholars have suggested usability is related to engagement (Quesenbery, 2003). For instance, insufficient usability may be a factor in failing to engage consumers with the website; conversely, engagement can be sustained when attributes of usability meet user needs (O’Brien & Toms, 2008). Website usability may have a direct impact on enhancing interactivity. Interactivity. Interactivity refers to the extent to which users can participate in communication, user control, and entertainment (cf. McMillan & Hwang, 2002). Based on this notion, two types of interactivity within the e-commerce context are examined: (1) website interactivity concerns the website design and attributes enabling consumer interaction with the site to make decisions and personalize content (Merrilees & Fry, 2003), and (2) social interactivity promotes ‘consumer-to-consumer’ and ‘consumer-to-company’ communicative interactions within virtual social space provided by the retailer (Chan & Li, 2010; Nambisan & Watt, 2011). The outcomes of interactivity are two-fold. First, interactivity promotes customer engagement with brands (Ha & James, 1998). Consumers’ interaction with other consumers and the company (via social interactivity) and navigating and personalizing the website (via website-interactivity) create psychological engagement with the company. Second, interactivity entices consumers to acquire greater amounts of information from the website, which subsequently has a positive impact on trust towards the online retailer (Ballantine, 2005; Chen et al, 2005). Consistent with this view, Merrillees and Fry (2003) claim that the level of perceived interactivity is a predominant determinant in constructing trust in the online domain. Engagement. Consumer engagement behavior refers to the creation of an enduring and meaningful relationship between the company and the consumer (Doorn et al. 2010). Consumer engagement involves a highly interactive and experiential process. Highly engaged consumers integrate product knowledge and exchange information with other consumers (Borle et al. 2007). Engagement behaviors facilitate consumer trust towards products and the company (e.g. Pigg & Crank, 2004). Social engagement, the spontaneous information exchange among users, can justify one’s purchase decision. The consumer-generated content becomes a more trustworthy source of knowledge than the information promoted by the retailer (Chan et al., 2010). The relationship between interactivity and engagement is reciprocal. Consumers highly involved in engaging with others are likely to utilize more website attributes promoting interactivity. Method The data for this study were collected from 28 commercial apparel retailers and 22 fair trade apparel retailers based in the US. The 22 fair trade retailers consisted of 13 for-profits and 9 non-profits. The sample was selected based on previous studies (i.e., Lee, Geistfeld, & Stoel 2007; Halepete & Park, 2006; Park & Stoel, 2002), trade publications, and a Google search. A binary measurement instrument was employed to categorize website content as either ‘available’ or ‘not available’ on both the commercial and fair trade store websites. In order to minimize any bias occurring from subjective evaluation of website content, two graduate students separately coded the data, and compared coding sheets. Differences were discussed until agreement was reached. Frequency counts were used to describe the availability of website and social interactivity related content. Chi-square analysis was used to identify statistically significant differences between commercial and fair trade online retailers. Results To assess website interactivity, we examined six attributes that facilitated convenience for consumers in locating information or customizing website content. They included (1) search engine navigation, (2) picture enlargement, (3) matching item suggestion, (4) log-in to own personal account, (5) styling suggestions by other consumers, and (6) picture rotation function. Analysis (chi-square) confirmed significant differences in availabilities of search engine navigation, picture enlargement, matching item suggestion, and log-in to own personal account. Interestingly, only two commercial retailers and one fair trade company were equipped with a product or styling suggestion technology. The use of 360-degree view of products was not used by any of the sample companies [commercial retailers (n=0); fair trade retailers (n= 0)]. To assess social interactivity, we analyzed attributes that facilitate relationships. The attributes are categorized into the following dimensions: 1) social media utilization, 2) social commerce, and 3) customer engagement. We examined the following five attributes constituting social interactivity: 1) existence of social media sites including Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, 2) consumer Facebook sharing, 3) link to other retailers’ websites, 4) online chatting, and 5) consumer review section. Analysis showed the differences between commercial and fair trade retailers were all statistically significant. Conclusion & Implications This study examined the differences between commercial and fair trade retailers to evaluate the current status of fair trade retailers in terms of interactivity and engagement in managing their websites. We identified attributes where fair trade retailers lagged and these could hinder trust development with consumers. We address three implications applicable to fair trade retailers, and more broadly, retailers selling ethical products. First, website interactivity attributes that provide effective ways to communicate product, store and fair trade information are critical when the concept of fair trade is still unknown to a large segment of consumers. The focus of fair trade retailers should remain not only in delivering creative and high quality products, but also well-managed websites that can attract, educate, and engage consumers via interesting cultural products (Lee & Littrell, 2006). In doing so, advanced website interactivity attributes that enhance the convenience of online shopping, increase ease of navigation, and ensure competent delivery of information should be incorporated in fair trade company websites. Second, the lack of use of social media by fair trade retailers is concerning. Word-of-mouth (WOM) communication is innate to social media, and encourages spontaneous communications among consumers. Utilizing various social media platforms is an efficient way to generate consumers’ voluntary exposure to fair trade products at a minimal cost. Encouraging customers to share WOM would be a natural path to increase engagement, and spread the concept of fair trade. Moreover, when a consumer spreads fair trade product information on his or her social media networks, the people who will be viewing the information have already established a relationship with him or her, and such messages are perceived to be more credible than information shared by the company or unknown strangers (Chu & Kim, 2011). In addition, virtual space inviting consumer feedback on the company website or social media sites can stimulate interactions with unknown consumers. The third person point of view by unknown consumers compared to fair trade retailers may be perceived to be unbiased, and consequently accepted as more trustworthy. Third, the concept of social commerce, referring to the practice of featuring links of other company websites on one’s own website, is critical to enhance the overall visibility and traffic to fair trade e-commerce sites. The unique feature distinct to fair trade retailers is their shared use of ‘certified fair trade’ labeling. While commercial apparel retailers promote their brand to generate corporate profits, the vision of fair trade retailers is to promote their products to bring social welfare. Thus, the union of fair trade retailers and collective initiatives can create synergy. Integrating the concept of social commerce with collective initiatives is one practical way to achieve this objective. Considering this common denominator across fair trade retailers, the use of fair trade labeling and links to other fair trade retailers on the website will support greater exposure to potential consumers and engagement with diverse fair trade retailers. Two major challenges fair trade retailers face are that: (1) their small size fails to generate economies of scale, and (2) due to the absence of national chains or organizations managing fair trade stores, brick-and-mortar fair trade stores are not evenly distributed geographically. Therefore, an interactive and engaging online presence for fair trade retailers is critical in resolving these limitations. It is a way to reach a large segment of consumers who do not reside around brick-and-mortar fair trade stores. We hope that interactivity and engagement will increase consumer exposure to fair trade retailers and ultimately increase fair trade sales.

Fashion Marketing Research in a Turbulent Environment: A Global Network to the Special Issue

Burns, Leslie Davis,Kim, Eun-Young Korean Academy of Marketing Science 2010 마케팅과학연구 Vol.20 No.1

作?全球??科???本期特刊的合作??, 我?非常高?出版了?????相???注?前??的高水平?究?文. 全球??科???本期特刊是????科???(KAMS)和????服??合?(ITAA)通?不?努力宣?全球的?????者的成果. 本期出版的所有?文均在2009年????服??合?和????科???的 "在??激烈的?境中的?????究" 的?合?????中首次?表. 此次?合??????????服??合?的年?一起在美??盛?的????行. ??延世大?的高?珠博士和美?俄勒?州立大?的Leslie Burns博士共同??此次?????. 我?鼓??自不同?家和?究机?的?表者和作者?本期特刊完善他?的文稿. 稿件投至合作??, 在本期特刊出版前所有的投稿稿件都被??公正的??和再次??. 本期特刊增强了全球????机制的合作?究和跨文化??. 特刊中?文的主?可以?????方面: ??市?中的消?者行?和有?企?社??任的??.

종업원 서비스몰입의 선행요인 및 고객이 인지한 서비스품질에의 영향

김레슬리(Leslie Kim),이지만(Jiman Lee) 한국인사조직학회 2008 인사조직연구 Vol.16 No.1

  There are many studies that focus either on service quality or on service commitment. Yet few studies have been done as to how the two interact. This study focuses on the dyadic relationship between front-line employees and customers receiving their services. Drawing on the individual characteristic theory and the exchange theory, this study develops a research model with six independent variables-willingness for providing service, understanding of customer service, job autonomy, job challenge, job pressure and job routinization-and examines their effects on employee commitment to service. In addition, it verifies the direct effects of the independent variables on customer perception on service quality and their indirect effects through the mediating impact of employee commitment to service.<BR>  Data were collected from 1) 117 front-line hotel employees using a questionnaire that measures the independent variables and employee commitment to service and 2) 172 customers whose perception on service quality was measured. Among them, 102 paired responses were used for the data analyses. Hierarchical regressions tests were used to test the research model.<BR>  Seven hypotheses were set up and tested. First, job challenge will have a significant effect on quality commitment positively. Secondly, job autonomy will have a significant effect on quality commitment positively. Thirdly, job routinization will have a significant effect on quality commitment negatively. Fourthly, job pressure will have a significant effect on quality commitment negatively. Fifthly, an employee’s willingness for providing service will have a significant effect on quality commitment positively. Sixthly, an employee’s understanding of customer service will have a significant effect on quality commitment positively. Seventhly, service commitment will have a significant effect on quality commitment positively. Additionally, the study tests how service quality is influenced by its antecedents directly and/or indirectly through their effects on service commitment. Thus, the study is an exploratory research, examining the mediating effect of service commitment between service quality and its antecedents.<BR>  Results are as follows. Firstly, four variables understanding of customer service, willingness for providing service, job challenge and job autonomy are positively related to employee commitment to service at the significant level, whereas job pressure has a negative relationship at the significant level. Secondly, willingness for providing service and understanding of customer service appears to have significant impact on service quality through the mediating impact of employee commitment to service. The impact was not a direct but an indirect one.<BR>  The findings indicate that the two factors such as willingness for providing service and understanding of customer service play more important roles in enhancing customer perception on service quality than employee reciprocal attitudes in return for the job characteristics. This implies that, in order to improve service quality at the hotel, it is important to invest in education and training programs to improve employees’ positive attitudes and understanding for service quality. Compared with the education and training programs, the job redesigning programs for providing employees with favorable job characteristics are less important for enhancing the service quality.   본 연구는 종업원의 서비스몰입(employee commitment to customer service)과 고객이 인지한 서비스품질(service quality)의 선행요인을 규명하기 위해 수행되었다. 구체적으로 서비스몰입의 선행요인을 조사하고 서비스몰입이 서비스품질에 미치는 영향과 선행요인들과 서비스품질 사이에서 보이는 매개효과를 조사하였다. 호텔서비스 산업에서 고객을 직접 응대하는 접점종업원과 이들이 제공하는 서비스를 이용하는 고객 간의 양자관계(dyadic relationship)에 초점을 두고 독립변수와 서비스몰입은 종업원을 대상으로, 서비스품질은 종업원의 서비스를 제공받은 고객을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 종업원과 고객으로부터 수집된 102쌍의 자료를 분석에 이용하였고, 또한 매개효과를 검증하기 위해 위계적 회귀 분석방법을 사용하였다.<BR>  분석결과, 첫째, 접점종업원의 서비스 제공의지, 서비스에 대한 이해도, 직무도 전성, 직무자율성의 네 가지 변수가 유의한 수준에서 서비스몰입에 정(+)의 영향을 미치며, 직무압력은 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 서비스몰입은 서비스품질에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 서비스몰입은 서비스 제공의지, 서비스에 대한 이해도가 서비스품질에 미치는 영향을 매개하는 것으로 나타났다.<BR>  연구결과는 서비스품질의 향상을 위해서 제조업에서 일반적으로 강조되어 온 직무재설계를 통한 작업장 혁신전략뿐 아니라 접점종업원의 개인적 자질을 향상시키는 교육 및 훈련에 대한 투자도 매우 중요하다는 점을 시사하고 있다. 그리고 종업원의 개인적 자질은 입사 전의 자질에 의해서도 많은 영향을 받으므로 서비스 조직들은 양질의 인력을 선발ㆍ채용하기 위한 효과적인 인력관리 방안의 수립을 고려해야 할 것이다.

PolySTAT-modified chitosan gauzes for improved hemostasis in external hemorrhage

Chan, Leslie W.,Kim, Chae Hwa,Wang, Xu,Pun, Suzie H.,White, Nathan J.,Kim, Tae Hee Elsevier 2016 ACTA BIOMATERIALIA Vol.31 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Positively-charged chitosan gauzes stop bleeding from wounds by electrostatically interacting with negatively-charged cell membranes of erythrocytes to cause erythrocyte agglutination and by sealing wounds through tissue adhesion. In the following work, nonwoven chitosan gauze was impregnated with PolySTAT, a synthetic polymer that enhances coagulation by cross-linking fibrin, to generate PolySTAT/chitosan gauzes with improved hemostatic efficacy. When comparing nonwoven chitosan and PolySTAT/chitosan to a commercially-available chitosan-containing gauze (Celox® Rapid), no appreciable differences were observed in fiber size, morphology, and pore size. However, PolySTAT/chitosan demonstrated more rapid blood absorption compared to Celox® Rapid. In a rat model of femoral artery injury, PolySTAT/chitosan gauzes reduced blood loss and improved survival rate compared to non-hemostatic controls and Celox® Rapid. While Celox® Rapid had stronger adherence to tissues compared to PolySTAT/chitosan gauzes, blood loss was greater due to hematoma formation under the Celox® dressing. Animals treated with PolySTAT/chitosan gauzes required less saline infusion to restore and maintain blood pressure above the target blood pressure (60mmHg) while other treatment groups required more saline due to continued bleeding from the wound. These results suggest that PolySTAT/chitosan gauzes are able to improve blood clotting and withstand increasing arterial pressure with the addition of a fibrin cross-linking hemostatic mechanism.</P> <P><B>Statement of significance</B></P> <P>Blood loss remains one of the leading causes of death after traumatic injury in civilian populations and on the battlefield. Advanced biomaterials that interact with blood components and/or accelerate the clotting process to form a hemostatic plug are necessary to staunch bleeding after injury. Chitosan-based gauzes, which stop bleeding by causing red blood cell aggregation, are currently used on the battlefield and have shown variable performance under high pressure arterial blood flow in animal studies, suggesting that red blood cell aggregates require further mechanical stabilization for more reliable performance. In this work, we investigate the binding and cross-linking of fibrin, a major component in blood clots, on chitosan gauze fiber surfaces to structurally reinforce red blood cell aggregates.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Five Newly Collected Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV) Isolates from Jeju Island, Korea are Closely Related to Previously Reported Korean TuMV Isolates but Show Distinctive Symptom Development

Hu, Wen-Xing,Kim, Byoung-Jo,Kwak, Younghwan,Seo, Eun-Young,Kim, Jung-Kyu,Han, Jae-Yeong,Kim, Ik-Hyun,Lim, Yong Pyo,Cho, In-Sook,Domier, Leslie L,Hammond, John,Lim, Hyoun-Sub The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2019 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.35 No.4

For several years, temperatures in the Korean peninsula have gradually increased due to climate change, resulting in a changing environment for growth of crops and vegetables. An associated consequence is that emerging species of insect vector have caused increased viral transmission. In Jeju Island, Korea, occurrences of viral disease have increased. Here, we report characterization of five newly collected turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates named KBJ1, KBJ2, KBJ3, KBJ4 and KBJ5 from a survey on Jeju Island in 2017. Full-length cDNAs of each isolate were cloned into the pJY vector downstream of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S and bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoters. Their fulllength sequences share 98.9-99.9% nucleotide sequence identity and were most closely related to previously reported Korean TuMV isolates. All isolates belonged to the BR group and infected both Chinese cabbage and radish. Four isolates induced very mild symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana but KBJ5 induced a hypersensitive response. Symptom differences may result from three amino acid differences uniquely present in KBJ5; Gly(382)Asp, Ile(891)Val, and Lys(2522)Glu in P1, P3, and NIb, respectively.

Five Newly Collected Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV) Isolates from Jeju Island, Korea are Closely Related to Previously Reported Korean TuMV Isolates but Show Distinctive Symptom Development

Wen-Xing Hu,Byoung-Jo Kim,Younghwan Kwak,Eun-Young Seo,Jung-Kyu Kim,Jae-Yeong Han,Ik-Hyun Kim,Yong Pyo Lim,In-Sook Cho,Leslie L Domier,John Hammond,Hyoun-Sub Lim 한국식물병리학회 2019 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.35 No.4

For several years, temperatures in the Korean peninsula have gradually increased due to climate change, resulting in a changing environment for growth of crops and vegetables. An associated consequence is that emerging species of insect vector have caused increased viral transmission. In Jeju Island, Korea, occurrences of viral disease have increased. Here, we report characterization of five newly collected turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates named KBJ1, KBJ2, KBJ3, KBJ4 and KBJ5 from a survey on Jeju Island in 2017. Full-length cDNAs of each isolate were cloned into the pJY vector downstream of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S and bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoters. Their fulllength sequences share 98.9-99.9% nucleotide sequence identity and were most closely related to previously reported Korean TuMV isolates. All isolates belonged to the BR group and infected both Chinese cabbage and radish. Four isolates induced very mild symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana but KBJ5 induced a hypersensitive response. Symptom differences may result from three amino acid differences uniquely present in KBJ5; Gly(382)Asp, Ile(891)Val, and Lys(2522)Glu in P1, P3, and NIb, respectively.

Session 2 Fashing/Design Marketing

Leslie D,Burns,Eun Joo Park,Eun Young Kim,Eunju Ko,Hyun Ah Ji,Zhang Hao,Ho Jung Choo,Hee Kang Moon,Jeong-Ah Seo,Jin-Hwa Lee,Yoon-Young Jung,Young-Sik Kwak,Jihyun Lee,Dongil Lee 한국마케팅과학회 2006 한국마케팅과학회 학술대회 발표 논문집 Vol.- No.-

Pseudomonas oleovorans Strain KBPF-004 Culture Supernatants Reduced Seed Transmission of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus and Pepper mild mottle virus, and Remodeled Aggregation of 126 kDa and Subcellular Localization of Movement Protein of Pepper mild

Kim, Nam-Gyu,Seo, Eun-Young,Han, Sang-Hyuk,Gong, Jun-Su,Park, Cheol-Nam,Park, Ho-Seop,Domier, Leslie L,Hammond, John,Lim, Hyoun-Sub The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2017 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.33 No.4

Efforts to control viral diseases in crop production include several types of physical or chemical treatments; antiviral extracts of a number of plants have also been examined to inhibit plant viral infection. However, treatments utilizing naturally selected microorganisms with activity against plant viruses are poorly documented. Here we report isolation of a soil inhabiting bacterium, Pseudomonas oleovorans strain KBPF-004 (developmental code KNF2016) which showed antiviral activity against mechanical transmission of tobamoviruses. Antiviral activity was also evaluated in seed transmission of two tobamoviruses, Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), by treatment of seed collected from infected pepper and watermelon, respectively. Pepper and watermelon seeds were treated with culture supernatant of P. oleovorans strain KBPF-004 or control strain ATCC 8062 before planting. Seeds germinated after treatment with water or ATCC 8062 yielded about 60% CGMMV or PMMoV positive plants, whereas < 20% of KBPF-004-treated seeds were virus-infected, a significantly reduced seed transmission rate. Furthermore, supernatant of P. oleovorans strain KBPF-004 remodeled aggregation of PMMoV 126 kDa protein and subcellular localization of movement protein in Nicotiana benthamiana, diminishing aggregation of the 126 kDa protein and essentially abolishing association of the movement protein with the microtubule network. In leaves agroinfiltrated with constructs expressing the coat protein (CP) of either PMMoV or CGMMV, less full-size CP was detected in the presence of supernatant of P. oleovorans strain KBPF-004. These changes may contribute to the antiviral effects of P. oleovorans strain KBPF-004.