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Rapid conversion of fat, oil and grease (FOG) into biodiesel without pre-treatment of FOG
Lee, Jechan,Jung, Jong-Min,Park, Chanhyuk,Jeon, Byong-Hun,Wang, Chi-Hwa,Lee, Sang-Ryong,Kwon, Eilhann E. Elsevier 2017 Journal of Cleaner Production Vol.168 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study, the conversion of fat, oil and grease (FOG) into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) without pre-treatment of FOG is investigated. A thermally induced process to accomplish simultaneous esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs) and transesterification of lipids is introduced. Despite high contents of impurities in FOG (∼14 wt%), the maximum achievable yield of FAMEs on feedstock mass basis was >86% for 10 s reaction time without removal of impurities prior to the reaction while conventional acid catalyzed reaction only produced <27.7% FAMEs from FOG. This means that the introduced technique can be effective for the conversion of low-quality raw material (<I>e.g.</I>, FOG) into biodiesel. This study would suggest the potential not only for developing a sustainable integrated treatment process of FOG requiring no separation of lipids and FFAs in wastewater treatment facilities but also for using FOG as a renewable energy resource.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> FOG contains high contents of free fatty acids (∼14 wt.%). </LI> <LI> FAMEs from FOG via thermally induced simultaneous esterification/transesterification. </LI> <LI> >86% total FAME yield from FOG on feed mass basis with no pre-treatment of FOG. </LI> </UL> </P>
A Novel Route Discovery Scheme Equipped with Two Augmented Functions for Ad Hoc Networks
Lee Hae-Ryong,Shin Jae-Wook,Na Jee-Hyeon,Jeong Youn-Kwae,Park Kwang-Roh,Kim Sang-Ha Korea Institute of Information and Telecommunicati 2004 정보통신설비학회논문지 Vol.3 No.1
'The delay and control overhead during route discovery for destinations outside ad hoc networks are major obstacle to achieving scalability in the Internet. To solve this issue, we propose a novel route discovery scheme equipped with two augmented functions. In this paper, the Internet gateway maintains an address cache of Internet nodes frequently accessed from the ad hoc network and replies with an extended Route Response (RREP) message to the Route Request (RREQ) message based on its routing table and the address cache called EXIT(EXternal node Information Table). These augmented functions make the source node determine the location of the destination as fast as possible. Through simulations, the proposed route discovery scheme using both EXIT and extended RREP message shows considerable' reduction in both route discovery time and control message overhead.
Sang-Hun Ko,Jae-Ryong Cha,Chae-Chil Lee,Il-Yeong Hwang,Chang-Gyu Choe,Min-Seok Kim 대한정형외과학회 2016 Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery Vol.8 No.4
Background: Recurrence of glenohumeral dislocation after arthroscopic Bankart repair can be associated with a large osseous defect in the posterosuperior part of the humeral head. Our hypothesis is that remplissage is more effective to prevent recurrence of glenohumeral instability without a severe motion deficit. Methods: Engaging Hill-Sachs lesions were observed in 48 of 737 patients (6.5%). Twenty-four patients underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair combined with remplissage (group I) and the other 24 patients underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair alone (group II). Clinical outcomes were prospectively evaluated by assessing the range of motion. Complications, recurrence rates, and functional results were assessed utilizing the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Rowe score, and the Korean Shoulder Score for Instability (KSSI) score. Capsulotenodesis healing after remplissage was evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging. Results: The average ASES, Rowe, and KSSI scores were statistically significantly higher in group I than group II. The frequency of recurrence was statistically significantly higher in group II. The average loss in external rotation measured with the arm positioned at the side of the trunk was greater in group II and that in abduction was also higher in group II. Conclusions: Compared to single arthroscopic Bankart repair, the remplissage procedure combined with arthroscopic Bankart repair was more effective to prevent the recurrence of anterior shoulder instability without significant impact on shoulder mobility in patients who had huge Hill-Sachs lesions.
Lee, Geum-Hwa,Ahn, Taeho,Kim, Do-Sung,Park, Seoung Ju,Lee, Yong Chul,Yoo, Wan Hee,Jung, Sung Jun,Yang, Jae-Seong,Kim, Sanguk,Muhlrad, Andras,Seo, Young-Rok,Chae, Soo-Wan,Kim, Hyung-Ryong,Chae, Han-Jun American Society for Microbiology 2010 Molecular and cellular biology Vol.30 No.7
<B>ABSTRACT</B><P>Bax inhibitor 1 (BI-1), a transmembrane protein with Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> channel-like activity, has antiapoptotic and anticancer activities. Cells overexpressing BI-1 demonstrated increased cell adhesion. Using a proteomics tool, we found that BI-1 interacted with γ-actin via leucines 221 and 225 and could control actin polymerization and cell adhesion. Among BI-1<SUP>−/−</SUP> cells and cells transfected with BI-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), levels of actin polymerization and cell adhesion were lower than those among BI-1<SUP>+/+</SUP> cells and cells transfected with nonspecific siRNA. BI-1 acts as a leaky Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> channel, but mutations of the actin binding sites (L221A, L225A, and L221A/L225A) did not change intra-endoplasmic reticulum Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>, although deleting the C-terminal motif (EKDKKKEKK) did. However, store-operated Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> entry (SOCE) is activated in cells expressing BI-1 but not in cells expressing actin binding site mutants, even those with the intact C-terminal motif. Consistently, actin polymerization and cell adhesion were inhibited among all the mutant cells. Compared to BI-1<SUP>+/+</SUP> cells, BI-1<SUP>−/−</SUP> cells inhibited SOCE, actin polymerization, and cell adhesion. Endogenous BI-1 knockdown cells showed a similar pattern. The C-terminal peptide of BI-1 (LMMLILAMNRKDKKKEKK) polymerized actin even after the deletion of four or six charged C-terminal residues. This indicates that the actin binding site containing L221 to D231 of BI-1 is responsible for actin interaction and that the C-terminal motif has only a supporting role. The intact C-terminal peptide also bundled actin and increased cell adhesion. The results of experiments with whole recombinant BI-1 reconstituted in membranes also coincide well with the results obtained with peptides. In summary, BI-1 increased actin polymerization and cell adhesion through Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> regulation and actin interaction.</P>
Development of Machine Vision System and Dimensional Analysis of the Automobile Front-Chassis-Module
Lee, Dong-Mok,Yang, Seung-Han,Lee, Sang-Ryong,Lee, Young-Moon The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers 2004 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.18 No.12
In the present research work, an automated machine vision system and a new algorithm to interpret the inspection data has been developed. In the past, the control of tolerance of front-chassis-module was done manually. In the present work a machine vision system and required algorithm was developed to carryout dimensional evaluation automatically. The present system is used to verify whether the automobile front-chassis-module is within the tolerance limit or not. The directional ability parameters related with front-chassis-module such as camber, caster, toe and king-pin angle are also determined using the present algorithm. The above mentioned parameters are evaluated by the pose of interlinks in the assembly of an automobile front-chassis-module. The location of ball-joint center is important factor to determine these parameters. A method to determine the location of ball-joint center using geometric features is also suggested in this paper. In the present work a 3-D best fitting method is used for determining the relationship between nominal design coordinate system and the corresponding feature coordinate system.
Lee, Ji-Hye,Park, Jung-Heun,Lee, Sang-Hak,Kim, Jae-Ryong,Cho, Kyung-Hyun D.A. Spandidos 2010 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE Vol.25 No.6
<P>A female patient (64 years of age; body mass index, 26) had a markedly and relatively low low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) level (97 mg/dl) despite high serum total cholesterol (TC) (331 mg/dl) and triacylglyceride levels (307 mg/dl). Since the expected LDL-C was 222 mg/dl, there was a significant difference between the calculation and measurement based on direct enzyme assay. Only 30% of serum cholesterol was associated with LDL-C in this patient. To determine the basis for the markedly low LDL-C/TC ratio, we isolated and analyzed lipoproteins from the patient as well as age- and gender-matched controls. The patient had lowered serum CETP activity and elevated paraoxonase activity with GOT and GPT values in the normal range. The very low-density lipoprotein particles from the patient were larger than those of the controls and enriched with lipid and protein, while the LDL from the patient (LDL-P) had a lower particle number and protein content than the controls. The LDL-P was more resistant to cupric ion-mediated oxidation. HDL2 from the patient (HDL2-P) had highly enhanced paraoxonase activity and antioxidant ability. The patient had a 1.5-fold higher level of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I expression in HDL2. ApoA-I in HDL2 and HDL3 from the patient showed no fragmentation, while the control had fragmented bands (17 and 21 kDa) in the HDL. The HDL2-P also had a larger particle size and greater protein content with less lipid content. HDL3-associated cholesteryl ester transfer protein was reduced in the patient, although the particle size was similar to the controls. In conclusion, a patient who had a markedly lower LDL-C/TC ratio despite hyperlipidemia associated with higher paraoxonase activity, higher apoA-I level and lower CETP activity without fragmentation of apoA-I in the HDL fraction is presented. The enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of HDL might contribute to the low LDL-C/TC ratio in this patient.</P>
Lee, Sang-Won,Jeong, Kyu-Sik,Han, Sang-Wook,Lee, Seung-Eun,Phee, Bong-Kwan,Hahn, Tae-Ryong,Ronald, Pamela American Society for Microbiology 2008 Journal of Bacteriology Vol.190 No.6
<B>ABSTRACT</B><P>The rice pathogen recognition receptor, XA21, confers resistance to <I>Xanthomonas oryzae</I> pv. oryzae strains producing the type one system-secreted molecule, AvrXA21. <I>X. oryzae</I> pv. oryzae requires a regulatory two-component system (TCS) called RaxRH to regulate expression of eight <I>rax</I> (<I>r</I>equired for <I>A</I>vr<I>X</I>A21 activity) genes and to sense population cell density. To identify other key components in this critical regulatory circuit, we assayed proteins expressed in a <I>raxR</I> gene knockout strain. This survey led to the identification of the <I>phoP</I> gene encoding a response regulator that is up-regulated in the <I>raxR</I> knockout strain. Next we generated a <I>phoP</I> knockout strain and found it to be impaired in <I>X. oryzae</I> pv. oryzae virulence and no longer able to activate the response regulator HrpG (hypersensitive reaction and pathogenicity G) in response to low levels of Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>. The impaired virulence of the <I>phoP</I> knockout strain can be partially complemented by constitutive expression of <I>hrpG</I>, indicating that PhoP controls a key aspect of <I>X. oryzae</I> pv. oryzae virulence through regulation of <I>hrpG</I>. A gene encoding the cognate putative histidine protein kinase, <I>phoQ</I>, was also isolated. Growth curve analysis revealed that AvrXA21 activity is impaired in a <I>phoQ</I> knockout strain as reflected by enhanced growth of this strain in rice lines carrying XA21. These results suggest that the <I>X. oryzae</I> pv. oryzae PhoPQ TCS functions in virulence and in the production of AvrXA21 in partnership with RaxRH.</P>