Source apportionments of ambient fine particulate matter in Israeli, Jordanian, and Palestinian cities

Heo, Jongbae,Wu, Bo,Abdeen, Ziad,Qasrawi, Radwan,Sarnat, Jeremy A.,Sharf, Geula,Shpund, Kobby,Schauer, James J. Elsevier 2017 Environmental pollution Vol.225 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This manuscript evaluates spatial and temporal variations of source contributions to ambient fine particulate matter (PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>) in Israeli, Jordanian, and Palestinian cities. Twenty-four hour integrated PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> samples were collected every six days over a 1-year period (January to December 2007) in four cities in Israel (West Jerusalem, Eilat, Tel Aviv, and Haifa), four cities in Jordan (Amman, Aqaba, Rahma, and Zarka), and three cities in Palestine (Nablus, East Jerusalem, and Hebron). The PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> samples were analyzed for major chemical components, including organic carbon and elemental carbon, ions, and metals, and the results were used in a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model to estimate source contributions to PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> mass. Nine sources, including secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, mobile, industrial lead sources, dust, construction dust, biomass burning, fuel oil combustion and sea salt, were identified across the sampling sites. Secondary sulfate was the dominant source, contributing 35% of the total PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> mass, and it showed relatively homogeneous temporal trends of daily source contribution in the study area. Mobile sources were found to be the second greatest contributor to PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> mass in the large metropolitan cities, such as Tel Aviv, Hebron, and West and East Jerusalem. Other sources (i.e. industrial lead sources, construction dust, and fuel oil combustion) were closely related to local emissions within individual cities. This study demonstrates how international cooperation can facilitate air pollution studies that address regional air pollution issues and the incremental differences across cities in a common airshed. It also provides a model to study air pollution in regions with limited air quality monitoring capacity that have persistent and emerging air quality problems, such as Africa, South Asia and Central America.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Secondary Sulfate is the dominant source of PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> in the Middle East. </LI> <LI> Secondary inorganic aerosols show relatively homogeneous temporal trends. </LI> <LI> Other sources are largely related to local emissions within individual cities. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Assessing the role of chemical components in cellular responses to atmospheric particle matter (PM) through chemical fractionation of PM extracts.

Heo, Jongbae,Antkiewicz, Dagmara S,Shafer, Martin M,Perkins, Dawn A K,Sioutas, Constantinos,Schauer, James J Springer-Verlag 2015 Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry Vol.407 No.20

<P>In order to further our understanding of the influence of chemical components and ultimately specific sources of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on pro-inflammatory and other adverse cellular responses, we promulgate and apply a suite of chemical fractionation tools to aqueous aerosol extracts of PM samples for analysis in toxicity assays. We illustrate the approach with a study that used water extracts of quasi-ultrafine PM (PM0.25) collected in the Los Angeles Basin. Filtered PM extracts were fractionated using Chelex, a weak anion exchanger diethylaminoethyl (DEAE), a strong anion exchanger (SAX), and a hydrophobic C18 resin, as well as by desferrioxamine (DFO) complexation that binds iron. The fractionated extracts were then analyzed using high-resolution sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICPMS) to determine elemental composition. Cellular responses to the fractionated extracts were probed in an in vitro rat alveolar macrophages model with measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The DFO treatment that chelates iron was very effective at reducing the cellular ROS activity but had only a small impact on the TNF-α production. In contrast, the hydrophobic C18 resin treatment had a small impact on the cellular ROS activity but significantly reduced the TNF-α production. The use of statistical methods to integrate the results across all treatments led to the conclusion that sufficient iron must be present to participate in the chemistry needed for ROS activity, but the amount of ROS activity is not proportional to the iron solution concentration. ROS activity was found to be most related to cationic mono- and divalent metals (i.e., Mn and Ni) and oxyanions (i.e., Mo and V). Although the TNF-α production was not significantly affected by the chelexation of iron, it was greatly impacted by the removal of organics with the C18 resin and all other metal removal methods, suggesting that iron is not a critical pathway leading to TNF-α production, but a wide range of soluble metals and organic compounds in particulate matter play a role. Although the results are specific to the Los Angeles Basin, where the samples used in the study were collected, the method employed in the study can be widely employed to study the role of components of particulate matter in in vitro or in vivo assays.</P>

Fine Particle Air Pollution and Mortality: Importance of Specific Sources and Chemical Species

Heo, Jongbae,Schauer, James J.,Yi, Okhee,Paek, Domyung,Kim, Ho,Yi, Seung-Muk by Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Inc 2014 Epidemiology Vol.25 No.3

BACKGROUND:: While exposure to ambient fine particles <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) has well-established health effects, there is limited quantitative evidence that links specific sources of PM2.5 with those effects. This study was designed to examine the risks of exposure to chemical species and source-specific PM2.5 mass on mortality in Seoul, Korea, a highly populated city. METHODS:: We compare daily mortality counts with PM2.5 chemical speciation data collected every 3 days, as well as nine sources of PM2.5 mass resolved by a positive matrix factorization receptor model, from March 2003 through November 2007. A Poisson generalized linear model incorporating natural splines was used to evaluate associations of PM2.5 chemical species and sources with mortality. RESULTS:: PM2.5 mass and several chemical species were associated with mortality. Organic carbon, elemental carbon, and lead were associated with mortality outcomes when using multipollutant models adjusted for other chemical species levels. Source-apportioned PM2.5 derived from mobile sources (ie, gasoline and diesel emissions) and biomass burning was associated with respiratory mortality and cardiovascular mortality, respectively. There were moderate associations of industry and of roadway emissions with cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSIONS:: Local combustion sources may be particularly important contributors to PM2.5, leading to adverse health effects.

PMF 수용모델을 이용한 평택 지역 PM<SUB>10</SUB>의 오염원 기여율 평가

허종원(Jongwon Heo),김찬혁(Chanhyuk Kim),민윤기(Yoonki Min),김현자(Hyeonja Kim),성연국(Yeongook Sung),김종수(Jongsoo Kim),이경빈(Kyoungbin Lee),허종배(Jongbae Heo) 한국대기환경학회 2018 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.34 No.6

Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Ti–Si–B–C–N Nanocomposite Coatings Deposited by Pulsed Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering

Sungbo Heo,Wang Ryeol Kim,Jongbae Jeon,Eunyoung Choi,Taehoon Nam,Eunsol An,In-Wook Park 한국표면공학회 2017 한국표면공학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2017 No.11

5MW급 부유식 해상풍력발전시스템의 울산 동해1 가스전 해역의 극한해양환경조건을 적용한 응답특성

허준(Jun Heo),유영재(Yeongjae Yu),정인지(Ingee Jeong),김종배(Jongbae Kim) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2021 한국해양환경·에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.5

2020년 한국 정부는 2050년까지 탄소 중립을 선언하였으며, 본 계획에서는 탄소 중립을 위해 화석연료에 대한 높은 의존도를 줄이고, 재생 에너지로의 전환 가속화 필요성이 포함되어 있다. 이러한 목표를 달성하기 위해서는 대용량 풍력단지의 건설이 비교적 용이한 부유식 해상풍력발전이 반드시 고려되어야 할 것이며, 부유식 해상풍력발전기 또한 대용량인 MW급이 고려되어야 한다. 본 연구에서 수치해석에 사용된 풍력발전기는 미국 재생에너지연구소(NREL)의 5MW급 Reference Wind Turbine이며, 부유체는 OC4 Semi-Submersible(반잠수식)이고 대상해역은 울산 앞바다에서 58km 떨어진 동해가스전 해역이다. 부유식 해상풍력발전의 수치해석을 위해 2019년 제정된 국제표준 IEC61400-3-2의 규정을 적용하였으며, 해석조건으로 극한 해상환경조건 DLC 1.6과 6.1 그리고 고장조건 DLC 9.2와 10.2를 수행하였다. 이는 계류선 파단 상황을 가정하며 부유체의 최종 표류 이동을 확인하는 조건이다. 결론적으로 동해가스전 해역에서의 5MW급 부유식 해상풍력발전시스템의 응답 특성을 수치해석적으로 확인해 보았다. In 2020, the Korean government declared carbon neutral by 2050, this plan include the need to reduce the high dependence on fossil fuels for carbon neutrality and accelerate the transition to renewable energy. In order to achieve this goal, floating offshore wind power generation, which is relatively easy to construct a large-capacity wind farm must be considered. In this study, the wind turbine used for numerical analysis is the 5MW-class Reference Wind Turbine of the US Renewable Energy Research Institute (NREL), and the floating body is OC4 Semi-Submergible. The target sea area is the East Sea Gas Field, which is 58km away from the offshore of Ulsan. The regulations of the international standard IEC61400-3-2 established in 2019 for floating offshore wind power generation were applied, and extreme marine environmental conditions DLC 1.6 and 6.1 and failure conditions DLC 9.2 and 10.2 were performed as analysis conditions. This means to confirm the condition of the final drift movement of the floating body, assuming the breaking situation of the mooring line. In conclusion, the response characteristics of the 5MW class floating offshore wind power generation system in the East Sea gas field were verified numerically.

대학 캠퍼스의 실외대기 미세먼지 오염도 조사

이승묵(SeungMuk Yi),허종배(JongBae Heo),서용석(YongSeok Seo),정영재(YoungJae Chung),한진수(JinSu Han) 서울대학교 보건환경연구소 2009 보건학논집 Vol.46 No.1

Influence of intense secondary aerosol formation and long-range transport on aerosol chemistry and properties in the Seoul Metropolitan Area during spring time: results from KORUS-AQ

Kim, Hwajin,Zhang, Qi,Heo, Jongbae Copernicus GmbH 2018 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.18 No.10

<P>Abstract. Non-refractory submicrometer particulate matter (NR-PM1) was measured in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), Korea, using an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) from 14 April to 15 June 2016, as a part of the Korea-US Air Quality Study (KORUS-AQ) campaign. This was the first highly time-resolved, real-time measurement study of springtime aerosol in SMA and the results reveal valuable insights into the sources and atmospheric processes that contribute to PM pollution in this region. The average concentration of submicrometer aerosol (PM1 = NR-PM1 + black carbon (BC)) was 22.1 µg m−3, which was composed of 44 % organics, 20 % sulfate, 17 % nitrate, 12 % ammonium, and 7 % BC. Organics had an average atomic oxygen-to-carbon (O ∕ C) ratio of 0.49 and an average organic mass-to-carbon (OM/OC) ratio of 1.82. Four distinct sources of OA were identified via positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the HR-ToF-AMS data: vehicle emissions represented by a hydrocarbon-like OA factor (HOA; O ∕ C = 0.15; 17 % of OA mass), food cooking activities represented by a cooking-influenced OA factor (COA; O ∕ C = 0.19; 22 % of OA mass), and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) represented by a semi-volatile oxygenated OA factor (SV-OOA; O ∕ C = 0.44; 27 % of OA mass) and a low-volatility oxygenated OA factor (LV-OOA; O ∕ C = 0.91; 34 % of OA mass). Our results indicate that air quality in SMA during KORUS-AQ was influenced strongly by secondary aerosol formation, with sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, SV-OOA, and LV-OOA together accounting for 76 % of the PM1 mass. In particular, the formation of LV-OOA and sulfate was mainly promoted by elevated ozone concentrations and photochemical reactions during daytime, whereas SV-OOA and nitrate formation was contributed by both nocturnal processing of VOC and nitrogen oxides, respectively, and daytime photochemical reactions. In addition, lower nighttime temperature promoted gas-to-particle partitioning of semivolatile species and formation of SV-OOA and nitrate. During a period of 4 days (from 20 to 23 May ), LV-OOA increased dramatically and accounted for up to 41 % of the PM1 mass. This intense LV-OOA formation event was associated with large enhancements of both anthropogenic and biogenic VOCs (e.g., isoprene and toluene), high concentration of Ox ( = O3 + NO2), strong solar radiation, and stagnant conditions, suggesting that it was mainly driven by local photochemical formation. We have also investigated the formation and evolution mechanisms of severe haze episodes. Unlike the winter haze events which were mainly caused by intense local emissions coupled with stagnant meteorological conditions, the spring haze events appeared to be influenced by both regional and local factors. For example, there were episodes of long-range transport of plumes followed by calm meteorology conditions, which promoted the formation and accumulation of local secondary species, leading to high concentrations of PM. Overall, our results indicate that PM pollutants in urban Korea originate from complex emission sources and atmospheric processes and that the concentrations and composition of PM are controlled by various factors, including meteorological conditions, local anthropogenic emissions, and upwind sources. </P>

Characteristics of PM2.5 and its chemical constituents in Beijing, Seoul, and Nagasaki

Park, Eun Ha,Heo, Jongbae,Hirakura, Setsuko,Hashizume, Masahiro,Deng, Furong,Kim, Ho,Yi, Seung-Muk Springer-Verlag 2018 AIR QUALITY ATMOSPHERE AND HEALTH Vol.11 No.10

Testing of low-cost continuous optical sensor (MicroPEM) to measure spatial variations of ambient fine particulate matter (PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>) in Seoul, Korea

Gyulim Oh,Sunyoung Kim,Jongbae Heo 환경독성보건학회 2015 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2015 No.6