Why is the shape of the Laffer curve for consumption tax different from that for labor income tax?

Kazuki Hiraga,Kengo Nutahara 한국재정학회(구 한국재정·공공경제학회) 2019 한국재정학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2019 No.4

It is well known that the equivalence between consumption and labor income taxes holds. However, recent macroeconomic studies on the Laffer curves (tax revenue curves) that use dynamic general equilibrium models find that the Laffer curve for consumption tax might not be hump-shaped, but monotonically increas-ing, whereas that for labor income tax is hump-shaped. This study investigates the cause of the difference in the shapes of the two Laffer curves by decomposing the effects of an increase in a tax rate on the tax base into two parts: (i) the effects on the relative price of leisure (RPL), and (ii) the substitution and income effects. It is shown that the first effect with respect to the consumption tax rate is completely different from that with respect to the labor income tax rate; meanwhile, the second effect is common among the taxes and depends on the functional form of the util-ity. The elasticity of the RPL from an increasing consumption tax rate is at most 1, whereas it can be infinity in the case of labor income tax.

Students’ Sense of Coherence Before and After Basic Nursing Practice at A University

Motomi Hiraga,Keiko Miyamoto,Yukie Onishi,Toshie Honda,Miyoshi Takizawa,Chieko Yodawara 한국간호과학회 2021 한국간호과학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

Aim: Comparing students’ sense of coherence before and after they experience Basic Nursing Practices 1 and 2. Method: Subjects: A total of 210 university students from A University in Japan, consisting of 106 first-year students who experienced Basic Nursing Practice 1 in March and 104 second-year students who experienced Basic Nursing Practice 2 in February. Survey period: From January to February 2021 Survey contents: The Japanese version of SOC-13 (Yamazaki, 2009) to determine sense of coherence (Antonovsky, 1987/2001) was conducted before and after practical training. Survey method: Self-administered questionnaires that link pre- and post-training through signs. Analysis: Conducted descriptive statistics, t-test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test using SPSS (Ver. 27). Ethical considerations: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the researcher"s affiliation (No. 488). Results: 139 (66.2%) responses were deemed valid as they could show connectivity before and after these courses. Sense of coherence was compared by totaling the inclusive sums of comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness before and after the training. The inclusive sums and total of manageability were recognized as normality so that we could analyze them using the t-test. The results revealed that both exhibited significant differences before and after the practical training at P=0.000. The total of comprehensibility and meaningfulness were not recognized as normality, so we conducted the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results showed significant difference for both of them at P = 0.000. Discussion: Compared to the pre-training sense of coherence score, the post-training scores were higher. The practical training led students to be self-aware of improvement in their ability to cope with stress. Conclusion: Stress coping ability can be increased through practical training.

A Case study on “How do companies obtain a competitive advantage through their green marketing?”

Justin Hiraga 한국해양비즈니스학회 2011 해양비즈니스 Vol.- No.19

The green marketing concept is fairly new and as a consequence it has not been extensively explored. The aim of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the subject of strategic green marketing by examining how strategic green marketing can be developed and what incentives companies have to implement such strategies. This study confirms that different types of organizations have indeed began implementing these changes. Yet, the majority of organizations have not done so for the benefit of the environment, but instead for the financial rewards. Furthermore, being green is seen by many as more expensive than other options. Yet, this study clearly points out that this is not always the case. In fact, going green in a business context can often end up in a significant reduction in costs.

Institutional and Resource-Based Management Implications from the Hanjin Shipping Collapse

Justin Hiraga,Jaeho Lee(이재호) 한국무역상무학회 2020 貿易商務硏究 Vol.88 No.-

상품 및 서비스 운송 부문에서 가장 중요한 산업 중 하나는 해운 산업이다. 해운 산업의 지속가능성을 위해서는 전략적 경영이 상당히 중요해 지고 있다. 2016년 8월 한진해운의 파산은 국내외 해운산업에서 가장 큰 충격 중 하나라 할 수 있다. 제도(institutional) 및 자원 기반(resource-based)적 관점에서 한진해운의 파산 원인을 다양한 요인으로 설명할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 문헌 연구를 통해 한진해운 기업을 연혁적으로 분석하고 제도 및 자원 기반 이론적 틀을 통해 어떠한 요인들이 한진해운의 파산을 초래한 것인지 규명하고자 한다. 제도적 관점에 따르면 기업의 경쟁력을 지속시키기 위해서는 이해관계자로부터 정당성을 획득하는 것이 중요하다고 본다. 한편 자원 기반 관점의 경우 기업을 인적 및 물적 여러 생산적인 경영자원의 집약체로 간주하며 이러한 경영자원이 기업의 경쟁력을 좌우하는 것으로 간주한다.이러한 경영자원에는 경영자의 판단능력도 포함된다. 이론적 틀에 따른 분석 결과 한진해운의 파산은 해운시장 및 자사기업에 대한 대내외 주변 환경에 대한 경영자의 분석 능력이 미흡하였고 그 결과 향후 시장 전망에 대한 예측이 잘 못 되었음을 알 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라 이러한 경영 판단이 이해괸계자들로부터 정당성을 얻는데도 실패하였다. 본 연구는 해운기업의 경영 전략 기획 및 정부 부처의 해운산업 육성정책에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대 된다. The container shipping industry is one of the most significant players in the delivery of such goods and services. Strategic planning and management are becoming key considerations for the sustainability of the shipping industry. In an unfortunate turn of events, Hanjin Shipping Co., Ltd (HJS) was one of the biggest casualties, leading to its untimely collapse in August 2016. The collapse of HJS is a result of various factors from an institutional and resource-based perspectives. Consequently, in order to investigate and identify managerial implications uncovered by looking through these two respective lenses, it becomes evident that first we must understand what type of carrier was HJS and what caused the HJS bankruptcy. In this study, the history of Hanjin shipping is presented chronologically, while delineating the institutional influences and resource-based missteps.

Immigration’s Impact on Bi-lateral Trade Formation

Justin Hiraga,Myong-Sop Pak,Jee-Moon Pak 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 2015 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS AND TRADE Vol.13 No.1

In recent years, the proliferation of free trade agreements (FTA) has led to rapid economic boons and political security among nations. This study investigates whether the percentage of expats or permanent foreign residents plays a role in deciding which countries to partner with in bi-lateral FTAs. Previously, the reasons for FTA formation were believed to be primarily based upon economic, geographic, and political reasons. However, through the use of social network analysis, a larger picture can be mapped which allows for a more comprehensive understanding of key players in the current state of FTA formation in relation to the immigrant network that they share between them. More specifically, through computerized social network analysis, centrality can be calculated to determine the key players and the most central immigrant populations. When analyzing both the immigrant centrality in relation to FTA centrality, it becomes evident that there is a high correlation between the two factors. Thus, the findings highlight that immigration trends can be used as a predictor of FTA formation. As a result, it emphasizes the weight of immigration policy on the formation of bi-lateral FTAs.

Standardization of Maritime English Curriculum and Assessment to Improve Sea Safety

Justin Hiraga 한국해양비즈니스학회 2015 해양비즈니스 Vol.- No.31

This paper addresses the current communication deficiencies of Maritime English for practical use. While other countries are making strides in developing standards for Maritime English, Korea has yet to adopt or pursue any program. Due to several recent tragedies, especially the sinking of the MV Sewol of 2014 where almost 300 people died, Maritime English has come into the spotlight as a necessity for safety and standards. This paper will cover the deficiencies of current Maritime English training as well as give recommendations on how to improve Maritime English curriculum through example lessons, chapters, and assessment protocols.

Policy Implications for IJVs through Analysis of Institutional Dimensions and Performance

Justin Ted HIRAGA 한국무역상무학회 2019 貿易商務硏究 Vol.83 No.-

제도적 거리는 국제합작투자(IJV)와 각각 다른 제도적 인자와 어떤 연결이 있는지 확인하고 체계를 향상하기 위해 강한 토대를 바탕으로 하고 있다. 제도적 거리는 정치적, 행정적, 문화적, 그리고 지식적 거리 (knowledge distance)와 같이 4자기의 독립되지만 관련된 차원으로 구성 되어진다. 본 연구는 다음과 같은 근본적인 질문을 연구한다: “주가와 같은 Proxy를 이용하여 상위 조직이 IJV에 참여할 때 제도적인 거리에 따라 실적 차이가 다른 것을 예측할 수 있는가?” 본 연구는 다수의 산업과 전세계의 994 국제합작투자 표본을 대상으로, 사건연구방법론과 다중회귀분석을 통하여 announcement return performance와 특정한 유형의 제도적 거리 관점과 긴밀한 관계가 있는 것을 확신한다. 연구 결과는 IJV announcement가 참여하는 파트너에게 긍정적인 시장 가치를 부여하는지 예측을 하는 데 있어서 상당한 향상을 보여준다. Institutional distance serves as a strong foundation for an enhanced framework which can reveal what links international joint ventures (IJV) have with different institutional factors. Institutional distance is deconstructed into four separate but related dimensional constructs: political, administrative, cultural, and knowledge distance. This study tests the fundamental research question: “Can using a proxy like stock price, help predict the differential performance of the parent organizations when they join into an International Joint Venture depending on their institutional distances?” This study draws from a sample of 994 IJV observations from a multitude of industries and regions globally. By adopting an event study methodology and multiple regression analysis, this empirical study asserts that announcement return performance has a convincing link to certain types of institutional distance dimensions. The findings have produced a significant improvement for predicting if IJV announcement will create any positive market value for the participating partners.

An Institutional Assessment of Ocean Plastic Holistic Waste Management at Various Governance Levels

저스틴 히라가(Justin Hiraga),이재호(Jaeho Lee) 한국해양비즈니스학회 2020 해양비즈니스 Vol.- No.47

Our oceans, a shared-resource system, has received global attention over the concern of marine plastic pollution, which has been burdened by individual users acting in their own self-interest who end up spoiling the resource through their collective action (Berkes, 1985). In order to counteract and reduce the marine debris, there have been numerous challenges in the attempt to regulate using policies utilizing both economic and social instruments. This study reviews this marine plastic management problem through the perspective of governance, public awareness, and societal norms. It is argued that despite the growing overabundance of marine plastic debris, opportunities exist for the management and overall reduction through a more holistic approach.

Public Investment and Stock Price Returns: The Case of Japan

Tomomi Miyazaki,Kazuki Hiraga,Masafumi Kozuka 한국재정학회 2017 한국재정학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2017 No.-

This research examines the effects of public investment on stock price returns using the Japan’s cross-industry data. To do so, we calculate the impulse response function by local projection method. The empirical results show that public investment has a positive impact on stock price returns. We observe this mainly for manufacturing industries both in quarterly and annual data. However, the policy effects after the 1990s was not necessarily large enough to stimulate the economy. Our empirical evidence on the post high-growth era in Japan suggests that public investment has been partly useful to support the revitalization of stock market.

Grain-boundary sliding model of pore shrinkage in late intermediate sintering stage under hydrostatic pressure

Kim, B.N.,Hiraga, K.,Morita, K.,Yoshida, H.,Sakka, Y.,Park, Y.J. Elsevier Science 2013 ACTA MATERIALIA Vol.61 No.18

A grain-boundary sliding model is developed to characterize the shrinkage behavior of pores in the intermediate stage of sintering under compressive hydrostatic pressure. From an analysis of the relative sliding between grains, the bulk viscosity, densification rate and the shrinkage rate of pores are predicted for a dense matrix polycrystal containing spherical pores. Comparison with a continuum model shows that whereas the densification behavior in the present discrete model approaches the prediction of the continuum model for large pores, the occurrence of grain-boundary sliding is limited and the deviation from the continuum model increases significantly for small pores. It is also shown that the grain-size dependence of the densification rate observed experimentally is consistent with the model prediction and verifies the validity of the present model in the intermediate sintering stage.