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Govindasamy Balasekaran(Balasekaran Govindasamy ),Peggy Boey(Boey Peggy ),Ng Yew Cheo(Cheo Ng Yew) 아시아운동학회 2023 Physical Activity Vol.1 No.1
Children, adolescents, and adults are encouraged to engage in regular physical activities to improve aerobic fitness. To maintain this level of physical activity, it is important that they exercise and play at safe intensities. One method to assess exercise intensity is by using rate of perceived exertion (RPE). The purpose of the review is to identify new perceived exertion scales which were developed for its respective profile and exercise setting. The protocol for the scoping review was drafted and revised by the research team using the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. Through the review, 13 articles explored the application of RPE in healthy male and female adults, with majority who exercised regularly. Using the systematic approach, the scoping review identified studies that have modified conventional perceived exertion scales for use in different exercise modes for healthy adults. The studies have revealed that use of various elements on a perceived exertion scale are suitable for its intended population and exercise.
Govindasamy Balasekaran 대한운동학회 2023 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.25 No.4
Prediction of performance is an important parameter in exercise, especially in sports. There are several ways to predict performance, however many are fraught with difficulties such as error of prediction being too large or the lack of reliability and validity [1]. The recently published Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS) validation and the Running Energy Reserve Index (RERI) had lower errors in predicting world class, elite, sub elite and collegiate performances [1,2]. The use of MAS and Maximal Anaerobic Speed to predict performance has been used previously by Bundle et al [3]. However, the errors in acquiring MAS may have caused prediction errors due to the existence of large anaerobic energy. The concept of removing anaerobic energy from an individual to accurately acquire a true MAS is a novel idea to predict performances with lower errors in all sports, especially sports which involve running [1]. RERI is an index which may be useful for most practitioners. Using an example of a world class runner, Sebastian Coe’s 400m and 1609m in 1981, the prediction accuracy was 1.8% and 1.0% for his 800m and 1000m respectively. This was comparable to Bundle’s two trials equation (1000m = 1.5% and 800m = 2.0%). However, the Bundle’s equation is limited to only predicting performances up to 240 seconds. The results from the MAS and RERI studies suggest that RERI can accurately predict running performances of world class runners when utilizing any two running performances within 5000m distance performance. Kinesiologists can also use the RERI model as an accurate and non-invasive alternative to time consuming methods of determining anaerobic and aerobic running performances [4,5] across various modalities of sports [6]. Training can also be compartmentalized into aerobic and anaerobic energy systems with accuracy, thus optimizing and increasing the potential of individuals with customization specialized training. The concept of talent identification using RERI in terms of identifying superiority in one energy system versus another, may be used in streamlining the potential of an individual to his strengths. For example, RERI can be used to identify a striker in soccer who is superior in anaerobic energy system versus a midfielder who may need more aerobic energy system. Moreover, RERI can be used to select a short distance runner versus a long-distance runner. Such identification may help exercise practitioners to select and train accordingly with the energy systems. Hence, it is essential knowledge and information that Kinesiologists can use to develop training programs to suit athletes of various standards (youth, collegiate, sub-elite, elite, and world class) and predict training performance for them. Such specialized science-based training may improve and enhance overall sporting performances all over the world.
( Balasekaran Govindasamy ),( Ifran Ismail ),( Dianna Thor ) 중앙대학교 학교체육연구소 2015 Asian Journal of Physical Education of Sport Scien Vol.3 No.1
Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of Physical Education (PE) lessons which are games-based (GB) as opposed to structured lessons like interval training (IT) in improving adolescents’ aerobic fitness. Methods: Fifty-eight male participants were randomly assigned to either the GB (n=27, age 15.6 ± 0.52 years) or IT (n=31, age 15.6 ± 0.72 years) PE class. Both groups underwent 4 weeks of prescribed PE lessons according to the group they were in. There was one 1-hr PE lesson a week for both groups. GB training consisted of 2 bouts of 15-minute gameplay with 5 minutes active rest periods; IT training consisted of 5 sets of 375-metres run with 2 minutes’ rest interval. The 2.4km timing of each participant was taken at pre- and post-PE intervention as a means to assess the aerobic fitness of the participants. Participants were told to follow the usual physical activities schedules and not to increase any physical activities throughout the intervention period. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) using the children’s OMNI Scale of Perceived Exertion was recorded during all training sessions. Results: Both groups were not significantly different in 2.4 km timings before they started the intervention (p<0.05). Pre-post-intervention 2.4 km run test results showed significant improvements in both groups (GB, from 14.95 ± 3.94 to 13.96 ± 2.72 minutes, t(26)=2.513, p<0.05); (IT from 14.20 ± 4.2 to 13.04 ± 1.7 minutes, t(30)=3.721, p<0.05). Separate independent t-test results showed no significant difference for between-group post-2.4km run test, t(56)=1.573, p=0.135. Conclusion: Both games-based and interval training Physical Education lessons may be employed to improve the 2.4km run time among adolescents. However, to increases students’ motivation and to make aerobic training more enjoyable, PE teachers may use small-sided games as it will also improve students’ skills and fitness.
Fitness Index on Physical Fitness, Obesity and Dietary Intake of Youths in Singapore
( Govindasamy Balasekaran ),( Stanley Sai-chuen Hui ),( Yew Cheo Ng ),( Visvasuresh Victor Govindaswamy ),( Jolene Lim ),( Peggy Boey ) 중앙대학교 학교체육연구소 2017 Asian Journal of Physical Education of Sport Scien Vol.5 No.1
The purpose of this study was to compare health-related fitness variables between boys and girls in Singapore. 762 and 694 13-year old Singaporean boys and girls (respectively) participated in this study. Anthropometrical measurements were taken and participants performed the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run, sit-and-reach, handgrip strength, and sit-up tests. Questionnaires regarding their lifestyle and dietary habits were also completed. Results found that boys were significantly stronger than girls, whereas girls were significantly more flexible. In general, obesity rates in Singapore are kept at a low percentage, although youths should participate in higher amounts of physical activity and exercise. It is recommended that youths consume more nutrients and reduce their intake of night snacks, desserts, and fried food in their daily diet. If this health trend continues lifelong, there may be a low risk of cardiovascular disease
Govindasamy Balasekaran,Loh Mun Keong,Viknesh Veeramuthu,Yong Tze Woon,Visvasuresh Victor Govindaswamy,Ng Yew Cheo 대한운동학회 2021 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.23 No.2
[OBJECTIVES] To compare the aerobic and anaerobic energy system contribution during 1500m running between collegiate untrained (UT) and endurance trained (ET) subjects. [METHODS] Five Asian UT (age: 23.8 ± 0.4 yrs, body fat %: 15.9 ± 5.7 %, height: 174.0 ± 4.1 cm, weight: 65.5 ± 4.1 kg) and 5 Asian ET male participants (age: 24.4 ± 3.9 yrs, body fat %: 12.9 ± 6.9 %, height: 169.4 ± 5.1 cm, weight: 60.6 ± 8.1 kg) participated in this study. Participants attended 3 sessions to determine their body composition, submaximal and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) test, 1500m track running session (RS) and 1500m treadmill RS. The maximally accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) method was used to calculate energy system contribution. [RESULTS] The times for the 1500m track run for the UT and ET were 428.0 ± 48.7 and 331.6 ± 14.0 seconds (p=0.004) respectively. There were no significant differences in VO2 between the 1500m track and treadmill RS indicating the participants ran to their personal best times for both trials. The mean VO2max(mL•kg-1•min-1) were significantly different between UT (45.1 ± 5.0) and ET participants (58.3 ± 2.2) (p=0.002). The mean relative contributions of the aerobic and anaerobic energy system during 1500m running were significantly different for the UT, 65.4 ± 7.0%, 34.6 ± 7.0 and ET, 75.7 ± 1.5%, 24.3 ± 1.5 % (p =0.011). [CONCLUSIONS] The point of equal contribution of the aerobic and the anaerobic systems occurred after thirty to forty seconds of intensive exhaustive running after which the aerobic contribution continues to increase while the anaerobic contribution decreases with increasing duration. By the end of 60th second of exhaustive running, the ET mean aerobic contribution is 71.5% compared to the UT’s 58.6%. This finding suggests a greater reliance on the aerobic energy system by the ET.
Victor Visvasuresh Govindaswamy,Dianna Thor,Ng Yew Cheo,Govindasamy Balasekaran 한국유소년스포츠학회 2014 Asian Journal of Youth Sport Vol.1 No.1
Exercise and physical activity (PA) is essential for children and youths to maintain their cardiovascular fitness. The Children’s OMNI-walk/run Scale of Perceived Exertion (category range, 0-10) was developed by Robertson et al. (2000) and is used for monitoring exercise intensity in children. The OMNI scale has been validated in the laboratory but its field use during physical education (PE) lessons in Singapore schools has not been investigated.