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      • Synergistic effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid based photodynamic therapy and celecoxib via oxidative stress in human cholangiocarcinoma cells

        Kim, Cy Hyun,Chung, Chung-Wook,Lee, Hye Myeong,Kim, Do Hyung,Kwak, Tae Won,Jeong, Young-IL,Kang, Dae Hwan Dove Medical Press 2013 International journal of nanomedicine Vol.8 No.-

        <P>5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) has the potential to kill cancer cells via apoptotic or necrotic signals that are dependent on the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Celecoxib is an anti-inflammatory drug that induces intracellular ROS generation. We investigated whether the combined application of celecoxib and ALA-PDT improved the efficacy of PDT in human cholangiocarcinoma cells and in tumor bearing mice. In vitro, combined treatment of celecoxib and ALA-PDT increased phototoxicity and intracellular ROS levels after irradiation with 0.75 J/cm<SUP>2</SUP> when compared to ALA-PDT alone. Even though ROS levels increased with 0.25 J/cm<SUP>2</SUP> of irradiation, it did not influence phototoxicity. When heme oxygenase-1, a defensive protein induced by oxidative stress, was inhibited in the combined treatment group, phototoxicity was increased at both 0.25 J/cm<SUP>2</SUP> and 0.75 J/cm<SUP>2</SUP> of irradiation. We identified the combined effect of ALA-PDT and celecoxib through the increase of oxidative stress such as ROS. In vivo, about 40% tumor growth inhibition was observed with combined application of ALA-PDT and celecoxib when compared to ALA-PDT alone. The combined application of ALA-PDT and celecoxib could be an effective therapy for human cholangiocarcinoma. Moreover, use of a heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor with PDT could play an important role for management of various tumors involving oxidative stress.</P>

      • Effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy via reactive oxygen species in human cholangiocarcinoma cells

        Kim, Cy Hyun,Chung, Chung-Wook,Choi, Kyung Ha,Yoo, Jin-Ju,Kim, Do Hyung,Jeong, Young-IL,Kang, Dae Hwan Dove Medical Press 2011 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE Vol.6 No.-

        <P>Cancer cells have been reported to exhibit an enhanced capacity for protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) synthesis facilitated by the administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). We investigated the effect of ALA-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) on human cholangiocarcinoma cells (HuCC-T1). Since protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a metabolite of ALA, can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) under irradiation and then induce phototoxicity, ALA-based PDT is a promising candidate for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. When various concentrations of ALA (0.05–2 mM) were used to treat HuCC-T1 cells for 6 or 24 hours, the intracellular PpIX level increased according to the ALA concentration and treatment time. Furthermore, an increased amount of PpIX in HuCC-T1 cells induced increased production of ROS by irradiation, resulting in increased phototoxicity.</P>

      • Anti-tumor activity of retinoic acid-incorporated glycol chitosan nanoparticles

        Cy-Hyun Kim,Do-Hyung Kim,Hye-Myung Lee,Tae-Won Kwak,Young-IL Jeong,Chung-Wook Chung,Dae-Hwan Kang 한국당과학회 2012 한국당과학회 학술대회 Vol.2012 No.1

        Nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for targeted delivery of anticancer drug. Especially, chitosan based nanoparticles is believed as a promising carriers for cancer chemotherapy and imaging. Due to superior biocompatibility, non-cytotoxic, and biologically active properties, chitosan is frequently used as a biomedical materials and drug carriers. Furthermore, chitosan is regarded as an ideal vehicle for delivery of anionic drug or DNA drug due to its positive ionic proeprties. Chitosan is used to make polyion complexes with anionic drug such as all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and these ionic complexes can form nanoparticles in aqueous media We prepared RA-incorporated glycol chitosan (GC) nanoparticles by simple mixing RA into the GC aqueous solution through ion complex formation between RA and GC. Particle sizes of RA-incorporated GC nanoparticles were approximately 300~500 nm. Lyophilized nanoparticles were simply reconstituted into aqueous solution in spite of absence of cryoprotectants. RA-incorporated GC nanoparticles showed similar cytotoxicity against cholangiocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, RA-incorporated GC nanoparticles showed enhanced anti-invasive capacity and anti-migration capacity against HuCC-T1 cholangiocarcinoma cells. We suggest that RA-incorporated GC nanoparticles are promising vehicles for antitumor drug delivery.

      • Preclinical evaluation of sorafenib-eluting stent for suppression of human cholangiocarcinoma cells

        Kim, Do Hyung,Jeong, Young-Il,Chung, Chung-Wook,Kim, Cy Hyun,Kwak, Tae Won,Lee, Hye Myeong,Kang, Dae Hwan Dove Medical Press 2013 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE Vol.8 No.-

        <P><B>Background</B></P><P>Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the bile ducts. In this study, we prepared sorafenib-loaded biliary stents for potential application as drug-delivery systems for localized treatment of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>A sorafenib-coated metal stent was prepared using an electrospray system with the aid of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL), and then its anticancer activity was investigated using human cholangiocellular carcinoma (HuCC)-T1 cells in vitro and a mouse tumor xenograft model in vivo. Anticancer activity of sorafenib against HuCC-T1 cells was evaluated by the proliferation test, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, cancer cell invasion, and angiogenesis assay in vitro and in vivo.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>The drug-release study showed that the increased drug content on the PCL film induced a faster drug-release rate. The growth of cancer cells on the sorafenib-loaded PCL film surfaces decreased in a dose-dependent manner. MMP-2 expression of HuCC-T1 cells gradually decreased according to sorafenib concentration. Furthermore, cancer cell invasion and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells significantly decreased at sorafenib concentrations higher than 10 mM. In the mouse tumor xenograft model with HuCC-T1 cells, sorafenib-eluting PCL films significantly inhibited the growth of tumor mass and induced apoptosis of tumor cells. Various molecular signals, such as B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, Bcl-2-associated death promoter, Bcl-x, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, Fas, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, MMP-9 and pan-janus kinase/stress-activated protein kinase 1, indicated that apoptosis, inhibition of growth and invasion was cleared on sorafenib-eluting PCL films.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>These sorafenib-loaded PCL films are effective in inhibiting angiogenesis, proliferation and invasion of cancer cells. We suggest that sorafenib-loaded PCL film is a promising candidate for the local treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.</P>

      • Doxorubicin-incorporated polymeric micelles composed of dextran- <i>b</i> -poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer

        Jeong, Young-Il,Kim, Do Hyung,Chung, Chung-Wook,Yoo, Jin-Ju,Choi, Kyung Ha,Kim, Cy Hyun,Ha, Seung Hee,Kang, Dae Hwan Dove Medical Press 2011 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE Vol.6 No.-

        <P><B>Background</B></P><P>Polymeric micelles using amphiphilic macromolecules are promising vehicles for antitumor targeting. In this study, we prepared anticancer agent-incorporated polymeric micelles using novel block copolymer.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>We synthesized a block copolymer composed of dextran and poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (DexbLG) for antitumor drug delivery. Doxorubicin was selected as the anticancer drug, and was incorporated into polymeric micelles by dialysis. Polymeric micelles were observed by transmission electron microscopy to be spherical and smaller than 100 nm, with a narrow size distribution. The particle size of doxorubicin-incorporated polymeric micelles increased with increasing drug content. Higher initial drug feeding also increased the drug content.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>During the drug-release study, an initial burst release of doxorubicin was observed for 10 hours, and doxorubicin was continuously released over 4 days. To investigate the in vitro anticancer effects of the polymeric micelles, doxorubicin-resistant HuCC-T1 cells were treated with a very high concentration of doxorubicin. In an antiproliferation study, the polymeric micelles showed higher cytotoxicity to doxorubicin-resistant HuCC-T1 cells than free doxorubicin, indicating that the polymeric micelles were effectively engulfed by tumor cells, while free doxorubicin hardly penetrated the tumor cell membrane. On confocal laser scanning microscopy, free doxorubicin expressed very weak fluorescence intensity, while the polymeric micelles expressed strong red fluorescence. Furthermore, in flow cytometric analysis, fluorescence intensity of polymeric micelles was almost twice as high than with free doxorubicin.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>DexbLG polymeric micelles incorporating doxorubicin are promising vehicles for antitumor drug targeting.</P>

      • Synergistic Anticancer Effects of Vorinostat and Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate against HuCC-T1 Human Cholangiocarcinoma Cells

        Kwak, Tae Won,Kim, Do Hyung,Chung, Chung-Wook,Lee, Hye Myeong,Kim, Cy Hyun,Jeong, Young-IL,Kang, Dae Hwan Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medic Vol.2013 No.-

        <P>The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the combination of vorinostat and epigallocatechin-3-gallate against HuCC-T1 human cholangiocarcinoma cells. A novel chemotherapy strategy is required as cholangiocarcinomas rarely respond to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Both vorinostat and EGCG induce apoptosis and suppress invasion, migration, and angiogenesis of tumor cells. The combination of vorinostat and EGCG showed synergistic growth inhibitory effects and induced apoptosis in tumor cells. The Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio and caspase-3 and -7 activity increased, but poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase expression decreased when compared to treatment with each agent alone. Furthermore, invasion, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and migration of tumor cells decreased following treatment with the vorinostat and EGCG combination compared to those of vorinostat or EGCG alone. Tube length and junction number of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) decreased as well as vascular endothelial growth factor expression following vorinostat and EGCG combined treatment. These results indicate that the combination of vorinostat and EGCG had a synergistic effect on inhibiting tumor cell angiogenesis potential. We suggest that the combination of vorinostat and EGCG is a novel option for cholangiocarcinoma chemotherapy.</P>

      • Chitosan nanoparticles for 5-aminolevulinic acid based photodynamic therapy

        Chung-Wook Chung,Young-IL Jeong,Cy-Hyun Kim,Do-Hyung Kim,Hye-Myung Lee,Tae-Won Kwak,Dae-Hwan Kang 한국당과학회 2012 한국당과학회 학술대회 Vol.2012 No.1

        Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a palliative therapy for treatment of unresectable tumor and has been used to cure various kind of tumors. Recently, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has been used as a pro- photosensitizer, which can be transferred to intercellular protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which is a strong photosensitizer, via the heme pathway. The main limitation of using ALA in PDT is the hydrophilic properties of ALA, which results in low cellular uptake. Chitosan is known to enhance mucosal delivery drugs and to enhance uptake of anticancer agent into tumor cells In this study, poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated chitosan was synthesized and ALA-incorporated nanoparticle (CNP-ALA) was prepared for delivery of photosensitizer into human cholangiocarcinoma cells. CT26 murine colon carcinoma cells were treated with 0.1mM CNP-ALA or ALA for 24h. The effect of CNP-ALA was evaluated by monitoring the intra-converted PpIX amount and cell survival after irradiation under different light intensity. Results indicated that CNP-ALA as a nano-photosensitizer enhances intracellular PpIX generation and then cellular phototoxicity. We suggest that CNP-ALA is a promising carriers for photosensitizer to tumor cells.

      • Dextran- <i>b</i> -poly( <i>L</i> -histidine) copolymer nanoparticles for ph-responsive drug delivery to tumor cells

        Hwang, Jong-ho,Choi, Cheol Woong,Kim, Hyung-Wook,Kim, Do Hyung,Kwak, Tae Won,Lee, Hye Myeong,Kim, Cy hyun,Chung, Chung Wook,Jeong, Young-II,Kang, Dae Hwan Dove Medical Press 2013 International journal of nanomedicine Vol.8 No.-

        <P><B>Purpose</B></P><P>Nanoparticles based on stimuli-sensitive drug delivery have been extensively investigated for tumor targeting. Among them, pH-responsive drug targeting using pH-sensitive polymers has attracted attention because solid tumors have an acidic environment. A dextran-<I>b</I>-poly(<I>L</I>-histidine) (DexPHS) copolymer was synthesized and pH-responsive nanoparticles were fabricated for drug targeting.</P><P><B>Methods and results</B></P><P>A DexPHS block copolymer was synthesized by attaching the reductive end of dextran to the amine groups of poly(L-histidine). pH-responsive nanoparticles incorporating doxorubicin were fabricated and studied in HuCC-T1 cholangiocarcinoma cells. Synthesis of DexPHS was confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, with specific peaks of dextran and PHS observed at 2–5 ppm and 7.4–9.0 ppm, respectively. DexPHS nanoparticles showed changes in particle size with pH sensitivity, ie, the size of the nanoparticles increased at an acidic pH and decreased at a basic pH. DexPHS block copolymer nanoparticles incorporating doxorubicin were prepared using the nanoprecipitation dialysis method. The doxorubicin release rate was increased at acidic pH compared with basic pH, indicating that DexPHS nanoparticles have pH-sensitive properties and that drug release can be controlled by variations in pH. The antitumor activity of DexPHS nanoparticles incorporating doxorubicin were studied using HuCC-T1 cholangiocarcinoma cells. Viability was decreased in cells treated with nanoparticles at acidic pH, whereas cell viability in response to treatment with doxorubicin did not vary according to changes of pH.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>Our results indicated that DexPHS polymeric micelles are promising candidates for antitumor drug targeting.</P>

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