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        A traditional folk medicine in Malaysia: porcupine bezoar

        Chu Shan Tan,Chiew Hoong Ng,Yean Chun Loh,Mun Fei Yam 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2019 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.19 No.2

        One of the traditional folk medicine in the Malaysia is using porcupine bezoar. It was reported as universal medicine in ancient time. This bezoar has been a myth to the locals. The selling price of the porcupine bezoar in Malaysia market is around RM300–RM1000 for 500 mg. The widespread use of the bezoar as an alternative medicine for treatment of deadly illnesses in Malaysia was passed down from generations of the multi-diverse ethnicity environment that existed here. Additionally, porcupine bezoar was also known as lifesaver and used by patients with terminal illness. Porcupine bezoar was found in the gastrointestinal tract of porcupine and made up of indigestible plant matters. Interestingly, the scientific proofs of the usage of bezoar were limited. The chemical profile and the medicinal properties of the bezoar is still unknown. The main focus of this review paper is on the porcupine bezoar which can be found in Malaysia.

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        Overview of Signaling Mechanism Pathways Employed by BPAid in Vasodilatory Activity

        Yean Chun Loh,Chu Shan Tan,Yung Sing Ch’ng,Mariam Ahmad,Chiew Hoong Ng,Mun Fei Yam 한국식품영양과학회 2017 Journal of medicinal food Vol.20 No.12

        Hypertension, one of the famous “silent killers” that can attack people at any age, is a current hot topic among scientists due to multiple syndromic behavior and concomitant diseases. The new scientific-based Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulation approach was used in a previous study by combining five TCM herbs, including Gastrodia elata Bl., Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil., Pueraria thomsonii Benth., Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen, and Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juzep in optimized ratio (named BPAid). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the mechanism pathways employed by BPAid for vasodilatory effect with the use of an in vitro isolated aortic rings assay. Interestingly, all the mechanisms investigated were involved in the BPAid's vasodilation activity in which the majority contributed through the nitric oxide/soluble guanylyl cyclase/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO/sGC/cGMP) pathways, followed by prostacyclin (PGI2), β2-adrenergic, and M3-receptors pathways. Furthermore, the BPAid appeared to manage vascular tone by regulating action potential through potassium and both voltage-operated calcium channel and inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R) pathways. The results obtained has confirmed the expected outcome that the benefits of TCM herbs in BPAid can meet the criteria of counteracting multiple signaling mechanism pathways involved in the etiology of hypertension. In addition to this study, the fingerprints and chemical properties of BPAid was identified by using tri-step Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and compared with its derivatives. The results obtained suggested that the majority of the vasodilatory effects exerted by BPAid were attributed to the presence of saponins and aromatic ring-containing vasoactive compounds.

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