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An Experimental Investigation on Performance under Individual, Team, and Mix Incentive Schemes
Hazel Anne V. Adiquea,Jefferson A. Arapocb,Rodger M. Valientesc The International Academy of Global Business and T 2017 The International Academy of Global Business and T Vol.13 No.1
It is a well-known fact that people respond to incentives; however, people respond differently on how these incentives are presented. This study aims to verify whether there are significant differences among the individual, team, and mix incentive strategies through an experimental setup. The Student’s t-test was used to verify the significant mean differences on the students’ performance under different incentive strategies. The results showed that there were significant mean differences on the students’ performance among the three treatment groups in the study, with the mix incentives having the highest mean output level. An Ordinary Least Square regression analysis was conducted to identify factors that affect an individual’s performance. Results of the estimation reveal that the mix incentive strategy has a significant effect on the performance and were consistent to the results of the t-test. Other factors that significantly affect the student’s performance include the years of education, the perceived interest, and the perceived difficulty to the task. The study provided statistical evidence showing that, among the three incentive strategies, the mix incentive strategy provides the highest incentive to improve a student’s performance under experimental setup.
Kim, Jiyoung,Yoon, Soon-Chang,Jefferson, Anne,Kim, Sang-Woo Elsevier 2006 Atmospheric environment Vol.40 No.8
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Measurements of the aerosol hygroscopic growth factor, <I>f</I>(RH), and the physical and optical properties of aerosols were made at Gosan, Korea during the aerosol characterization experiment (ACE)-Asia 2001 field campaign (April 2001). The optical and hygroscopic properties of aerosols were characterized in terms of the air mass transport pathways. During the Asian dust period, <I>σ</I><SUB>sp</SUB> and <I>σ</I><SUB>ap</SUB> were remarkably elevated with mean and standard deviation of 238.6±55.3Mm<SUP>−1</SUP> and 24.2±10.9Mm<SUP>−1</SUP>, respectively. The mean <I>f</I>(RH) for the pollution aerosols from Chinese sectors (2.75±0.38) in this study was much higher than that for the anthropogenic aerosols in Europe during ACE-2 (1.46±0.10) as well as that of the urban/industrial aerosols of the US east coast during TARFOX (1.81±0.37–2.30±0.24). The mean <I>f</I>(RH) during the smoke period (1.60±0.20) was comparable to that during INDOEX (1.58±0.21), and higher than that for SCAR-B in Brazil (1.16). We found a negative correlation (r=0.81) between <I>f</I>(RH) and OC concentration. This negative correlation suggests that organic aerosols have a strong influence on the smoke aerosol hygroscopicity.</P>
Kim, Jiyoung,Yoon, Soon-Chang,Jefferson, Anne,Zahorowski, Wlodek,Kang, Chang-Hee Elsevier 2005 Atmospheric environment Vol.39 No.35
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>This paper presents results of air mass characterization and the associated microphysical and optical properties of Asian aerosols, using the cluster analysis technique for classifying air mass back-trajectories arrived at Gosan on the Jeju Island, Korea during the ACE-Asia campaign. Five distinct clusters of trajectories were taken to explain each transport regime. The temporal variation of the transported air masses could be well explained by the consecutive and stepwise change of air masses between statistically classified clusters. The cluster-mean trajectory exhibited its close relationship with the synoptic-scale circulation pattern. In addition, it was shown that the composite of mean sea-level pressure field is useful for explaining favorable meteorological conditions for long-range transport of dust and anthropogenic pollution in East Asia. The highest light scattering and absorption coefficients for sub-10- and submicron aerosols as well as highest concentrations of <SUP>222</SUP>Rn and condensation nuclei are associated with the air mass types accompanying dusts and pollutants. The cluster-mean single scattering albedo (SSA) for sub-10- and submicron aerosols ranged 0.88–0.90 and 0.81–0.86, respectively. This value of SSA indicates the large contribution of submicron aerosol for the light absorption in East Asia. The concentration of <SUP>222</SUP>Rn and aerosol microphysical and optical properties for marine air mass suggests that the marine air masses are somewhat influenced by continental outflows. The minor differences in aerosol microphysical and optical properties among continental clusters with similar routes and different transport speed implies that the effect of transport speed may not be significant if the transport routes are similar.</P>
Kim, Sang-Woo,Yoon, Soon-Chang,Jefferson, Anne,Ogren, John A.,Dutton, Ellsworth G.,Won, Jae-Gwang,Ghim, Young Sung,Lee, Byung-Il,Han, Jin-Seok Elsevier 2005 Atmospheric environment Vol.39 No.1
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>In order to understand the influence of dust and anthropogenic pollution aerosols on regional climate in East Asia, we analyzed the aerosol optical, chemical and physical properties for two cases with high aerosol loading and assessed the radiative forcing of these cases. The 1st case study is a heavy dust episode (DE) in April (during ACE-Asia) 2001 and the 2nd case is a regional-scale pollution event in November 2001. The Ångström exponent (Å) for DE was 0.38 from sunphotometer measurements. The mean single scattering albedo (550nm) at the surface reported during the pollution episode (PE, 0.88) was lower than that of DE (0.91). The concentrations of organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) measured during the PE were about 90% and 30% higher than DE. The aerosol mass scattering efficiency (<I>α</I><SUB>s</SUB>) of PE is a factor of about 2 higher than that of the DE. The difference in the mass absorption efficiency (<I>α</I><SUB>a</SUB>) of EC during DE and PE is small and within the measurement uncertainty. The diurnally averaged aerosol radiative forcing efficiency (ΔDFE, Wm<SUP>−2</SUP><I>τ<SUP>−</SUP></I><SUP>1</SUP>) during DE is similar to results of other studies at Gosan.</P>