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Muhammad Kashif Iqbal Khan,Abid Aslam Maan,Rana Muhammad Aadil,Akmal Nazir,Masood Sadiq Butt,Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid,Muhammad Inam Afzal 한국식품과학회 2020 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.29 No.4
Onion and ginger are rich sources of bioactive compounds which are lost during conventional drying process. The present study was designed to optimize the novel Microwave Assisted Drying and Extraction technique (MADE) for simultaneous drying and extraction/recovery of bioactive compounds from model food products. The time required for drying of samples was 11 (onion) and 16 (ginger) minutes with recovery yield of 87% (onion) and 85% (ginger). The drying time was reduced to 100 times compared to hot air drying and moisture ratio of dried samples was best described by Midilli model. The diffusivities of onion and ginger slices were 1.27 e-11 and 1.43 e-11 m2/s, respectively. Moreover, microwave-based extraction was compared with conventional one. The results of antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of condensates obtained through MADE were higher compared to conventional method. In short, MADE exhibited better yield of extraction and drying properties compared to conventional methods.
Blue-Shifted Rogue Waves Generation in Normal Dispersion Fiber Laser
Afzal, Muhammad Imran,Alameh, Kamal,Yong Tak Lee IEEE 2015 IEEE photonics technology letters Vol.27 No.22
<P>In the presence of noise in normal dispersion fiber mode-locked lasers, dissipative resonance disappears, which leads to instability of spectral broadening and makes the asymptotic accumulation of energy impossible. We experimentally generate dissipative soliton molecules-like spectral peaks and rogue waves in the frequency domain in a self-mode-locked fiber laser. Due to noise in the initial triangular-shaped mode locked wave, these molecules are arranged in the form of lobes on the longer wavelength side, thus forming three virtual groups of soliton molecules. Further dissipative accumulation of power in the mode-locked wave ultimately leads to the formation of a blue-shifted group of three rogue waves, due to the effective fusion of adjacent soliton molecules. This is the first report of an experimental observation of blue-shifted and three rogue waves in a single experiment. The results have far reaching implications for experimentation with soliton collisions, optical rogue waves, and understanding of hydrodynamics.</P>
A Leader-based Reliable Multicast MAC Protocol for Multimedia Applications
( Muhammad Khalil Afzal ),( Byung-seo Kim ),( Sung Won Kim ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2014 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.8 No.1
Multicasting is an efficient way of group communications because one sender can transmit data to multiple receivers with only one transmission. Furthermore, multicasting is considered an appropriate transmission method for multimedia services. Multimedia applications are expected to become more prevalent over mobile ad-hoc networks in the near future. Therefore, achieving reliability in multimedia communications is an important task. In this paper, we propose a leader-based reliable multicast medium access control layer protocol for multimedia applications to enhance video quality. We present a Markov chain model and numerical formulation of our proposed system.
Muhammad Afzal,Khalid-Zamir Rasib,Naveeda-Akhtar Qureshi 한국응용곤충학회 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.21 No.2
The Southeast Asian subterranean termite, Heterotermes indicola Wasmann (Blattodea; Rhinotermitidae), is recognized as a building infesting lower termite species in urban environment. The extensive use of chemical termiticides against aerial mud tubes and underground nests of H. indicola beneath the buildings could not suppress its infestation; however, it enhanced the environmental contamination and insecticide resistance. In the present study, we tried to control termites using naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungi Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., along with sublethal concentrations of termiticide fipronil in no-choice feeding pathogenecity bioassay for 20 days. Termite mortality after 20 days of continuous exposure to highest fungal treatment 1×109 conidia/mL was 10% exclusively, whereas 100% mortality was calculated just after 16 days of concurrently exposure to 5 ppm of fipronil and highest rate of fungus 1×109 conidia/mL. These results indicated that insecticidal stress declined the immune response of termites and reduced the repellency of termites against fungal conidia by breaching the primary defense mechanism (allogrooming). This co-application of F. solani at suitable sublethal concentrations of fipronil showed the promising potential against termites that may reduce the selection pressure of pesticides and resistance risk by targeted pests, but further investigations are necessary for developing field trials.
Muhammad Babar Shahzad Afzal,Sarfraz Ali Shad 한국응용곤충학회 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.20 No.2
Spinosad is new chemical insecticide, which acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Selection of Phenacoccus solenopsis with spinosad was carried out in the laboratory to characterize spinosad resistance. Cross resistance, stability and fitness cost of spinosad resistance were evaluated. Phenacoccus solenopsis showed a 282.45-fold resistance to spinosad after seven rounds of selection. Spinosad selected population (Spinosad-SEL pop) showed different levels of cross-resistance to profenofos, spinetoram and deltamethrin in comparison with unselected population. Spinosad resistance decreased significantly from282.45 to 25.4-fold when resistant population was not exposed to the insecticide for up to six generations, indicating unstable resistance. Relative fitness of Spinosad-SEL pop was 0.51with decrease in survival rate, fecundity, intrinsic rate of male and female, biotic potential and mean relative growth rate of male,whereas prolonged developmental time fromegg to adultmale and female, and generation time of both sexes compared with the unselected population. Resistance to spinosad indicates the need to rotate insecticides with others of differing modes of action and implementing alternative methods for P. solenopsis management.
Efficient and Reliable MPEG-4 Multicast MAC Protocol for Wireless Networks
Afzal, Muhammad Khalil,Kim, Byung-Seo,Kim, Sung Won IEEE 2015 IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology VT Vol.64 No.3
<P>Multicasting is the transmission of data to a group of nodes identified by a single destination address. Furthermore, multicasting is considered as an appropriate transmission method for multimedia services. Multimedia applications are expected to become more prevalent over mobile ad hoc networks in the near future. Therefore, achieving reliability in multimedia communications is an important task. Video compression technologies are about reducing and removing redundant video data so that a digital video file can be effectively sent over a network. With modern compression standards, such as Moving Picture Expert Group 2 (MPEG-2), MPEG-4, and H.264, which is also known as advanced video coding MPEG-4 part 10, losses of different frames have different impacts on video quality. In this paper, we propose a leader-based reliable multicast medium-access control layer protocol for multimedia applications to enhance video quality. We present a Markov chain model and numerical formulation of our proposed protocol. Simulation results show that our proposed method is better than other protocols in terms of the number of decodable frames, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and video quality.</P>
Muhammad Babar Shahzad Afzal,Sarfraz Ali Shad,Esteban Basoalto,Masood Ejaz,Jose Eduardo Serrao 한국응용곤충학회 2015 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.18 No.4
The cottonmealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley is an important agricultural insect pest of cotton in Pakistan. Some populations of P. solenopsis are reported to have significant levels of insecticide resistance, resulting in its control failure. In our study, we selected a population of P. solenopsis with indoxacarb, which resulted in a 2223-fold resistance level after five generations compared with the unselected strain. This selected-population also developed a moderate level of cross-resistance to spinosad (36-fold), but only very low cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos (2.3-fold) and bifenthrin (4.5-fold) compared with the unselected population. Indoxacarb resistance in this population was associated with several negative fitness attributes which would slow the selection for resistance in field popualtions. A significant decline in indoxacarb resistance was observed when the selected-population was left unexposed for eight generations. These results suggest that field populations of P. solenopsis should be surveyed for indoxcarb resistance and associated cross-resistances, and that alternative chemistries should be adopted and rotated to improve the control and resistance management tactics.
Afzal, Muhammad Raheel,Eizad, Amre,Palo Peñ,a, Carlos Ernesto,Yoon, Jungwon Hindawi 2018 Journal of healthcare engineering Vol.2018 No.-
<P>Aging, injury, or ailments can contribute to impaired balance control and increase the risk of falling. Provision of light touch augments the sense of balance and can thus reduce the amount of body sway. In this study, a wearable reaction wheel-based system is used to deliver light touch-based balance biofeedback on the subject's back. The system can sense torso tilt and, using reaction wheels, generates light touch. A group of 7 healthy young individuals performed balance tasks under 12 trial combinations based on two conditions each of standing stance and surface types and three of biofeedback device status. Torso tilt data, collected from a waist-mounted smartphone during all the trials, were analyzed to determine the efficacy of the system. Provision of biofeedback by the device significantly reduced RMS of mediolateral (ML) trunk tilt (<I>p</I> < 0.05) and ML trunk acceleration (<I>p</I> < 0.05). Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant interaction between stance and surface on reduction in RMS of ML trunk tilt, AP trunk tilt, ML trunk acceleration, and AP trunk acceleration. The device shows promise for further applications such as virtual reality interaction and gait rehabilitation.</P>