베르베르와 이슬람

황의갑(Hwang Eui-Gab) 한국아랍어아랍문학회 2009 아랍어와 아랍문학 Vol.13 No.2

Many minorities around the world have been lived regardless of their nationality. Since before the entry of Arab migrants to Maghreb(North Africa), for many centuries there were Berber tribes that based on the present Tunisia and fought against the Romans in Carthage. Before the Rome's domination of the Mediterranean, the Berber originally lived all over the Maghreb(North Africa) had close cooperation with Carthaginian and remained true to their identity. Carthaginian monopolized the Southwest Mediterranean trade and was a maritime power. The Berber means the tribe inhabiting the Sahara of North Africa for many centuries and we estimate that they are more than twenty millions. When the Berber entered to there, many people started to believe Islam or to marry an Arab while the others remain true to their identity yet. After the World War I, areas of the Maghreb which were colonized by strong Europe became independent and newly formed countries like Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Lybia, Mauritania, etc. Each country had their own nation but the Berber inhabiting those areas remain true to their language and cultural traditions. In this article we talked about how the Berber people lived after the glorious history of remaining people in Maghreb region, and how could they survived under the islamic value and the western colonial power after the rule of the ancient Rome. We also examined carefully on the forms of the orthdox Islam and the folk Islam, and their co-existence and harmony in Arabs.

경찰의 공식범죄율에 영향을 미치는 사회조건 요인: 도널드 블랙의 법이론을 중심으로

황의갑(Eui Gab Hwang) 한국테러학회 2018 한국테러학회보 Vol.11 No.3

공식범죄통계와 전국범죄피해조사 자료가 보여주는 우리나라의 범죄추세는 상반된 패턴을 보이고 있다. 범죄신고와 범죄인지의 활성화로 인한 암수범죄의 급격한 감소 때문으로 이해할 수 있겠으나, 한편으로는 우리의 공식범죄통계가 범죄발생에 대한 지표라기보다는 범죄신고나 범죄인지의 정도를 보여주는 지표로서의 한계를 가진다는 주장에 대한 반증일수 있겠다. 블랙의 법행동이론은 범죄신고, 범죄인지, 사건해결, 검거, 기소, 선고 등 법작용이 사회조건에 따라 다르다고 설명한다. 본 연구는 경찰의 범죄통계 자료가 범죄발생보다는 범죄신고와 범죄인지의 정도를 보여주는 지표로 이해될 수 있다는 논리를 근거로, 전국 시군구별 통계청 센서스자료와 경찰청의 범죄발생통계 자료를 통합하여 범죄발생률에 영향을 미치는 사회조건을 종적분화, 횡적분화, 문화, 조직, 사회통제 등 블랙이 주장한 몇 가지 유형으로 분류하여 설명하고 그 영향력을 검증하였다. 분석결과는 기초생활수급자비율과 외국인인구비율이 총범죄발생률에 긍정적인 영향을 미침으로써 블랙의 종적분화가설을 지지하 였으며, 인구유입률도 총범죄발생률에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳐 블랙의 횡적분화가설을 지지하였고, 다문화가구비율과 빈집비율은 총범죄발생률에 부정적인 영향을 미쳐 블랙의 문화가설과 조직화가설을 지지하는 결과를 보였다. 그러나 강력범죄율과 절도범죄율에 미치는 사회조건요인들의 영향력은 총범죄발생률에 대한 것과 동일하지는 않았다. 이 연구는 경찰의 공식범죄통계상 범죄발생률을 이해하는데 있어서 블랙의 법행동이론이 유용하게 적용될 수 있다는 가능성을 보여주었다. 일부 변인의 영향력이 가설과 반대로 나오는 것에 대해서는 사회해체론 등이 더 적합한 측면도 있었으나 블랙의 법행동이론이 사회조건요인과 공식범죄통계의 관계를 설명하는데 있어서 보여준 가능성, 특히 다문화가구비율과 빈집비율의 효과를 정당화하기 위한 유용성은 매우 고무적이었다. The crime trend shows a conflicting pattern between the official crime statistics and the National Crime Victimization Survey because of the role of dark figures in official crime statics. This implies that the official crime statistics reflects the degree of crime reported to the police instead of that of actual crime rate. Donald Black s behavior of law contends that legal behaviors such as crime reporting, booking, arresting, charging, sentencing are according to social conditions. This study formulated and tested hypotheses of factors affecting official crime rate based on Black s five dimensions of social conditions such as stratification, morphology, culture, organization, and social control. For this purpose, official crime statistics and census statistics for 216 community jurisdictions throughout South Korea were combined for the whole year in 2015. Results revealed that the rate of basic life support receiver and the rate of foreigners as indicators of stratification, the population influx rate as an indicator of morphology, the multicultural family rate as an indicator of culture, the home vacancy rate as an indicator of organization had expected effects on the total crime rate. However, the level of effects varied for violent crime rate and theft rate. Interestingly, the effect of divorce rate as an indicator of morphology was the opposite of our expectation. The results of this study shows that the possible utility of Black’s theory of law in understanding and interpreting the official crime statistics, even though some careful investigation is necessary for the variable that shows unexpected direction.

이슬람 정치사상의 통시적 유형 연구

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2012 중동연구 Vol.30 No.3

The propagation of Islam has began by prophet ``Muhammad`` in the beginning of 7th century in the Arabian Peninsular. Prophet Muhammad had taught that all human beings have dignity without distinction of gender, identity, color, rich or poor and are equal in front of Allah. These ideas illustrated in speech of farewell pilgrimage of the prophet Muhammad by comprehensively and implicitly. Islam includes religion and human life as politic, economic, society, culture and has been called an integrated system of faith and practice that encompasses all areas of a human existence and does not divide by secularity and religion. On the other hand, In the West, the religion and politics are separated and that originated from teaching of the Jesus. The Holy Qur`an stressed the obedience to God, and the Allah`s prophet, and the successor rulers who succeeded him. And emphasized the existence of the system that does not separate religion and politics. The Holy Qur`an ordered to implement the political justice, the equality of socio-economic and recommended the political participation to the Muslims. The principles of Islamic politics has been developed by various political thinkers at the dawn of Islam until today. These are became to the various types by the political thinkers. In chapter 2, dealt with about medieval Islamic political theory, In chapter 3, dealt with about modern Islamic political theory, In chapter 4, dealt with about contemporary Islamic political theory. In the conclusion, I defined what ever did many political thinkers depending through the times and what is philosophy that these thinkers had claimed and what are affecting to the modern Islamic World.

비잔틴제국에서 수용된 이슬람의 조세제도 -지즈야(인두세)를 중심으로-

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2012 중동연구 Vol.31 No.2

With message, to praise the only God - Allah, Islam going to spread their power after rising in the desert of Arabian peninsula. Within a century, Islamic power reached Iberian Peninsula to the west through North African Morocco and river of Oxus in Central Asia to the East. Islamic Culture was unstinted to accept the advanced systems. Islamic Tax system was invoked and developed from those advanced cultures like the Byzantine Empire`. For the Muslim governing group, Islamic tax system was an effective system and which enable to governing the other majority group easier. Under Islamic law, Jizya is a per capita tax levied on a section of an Islamic state`s non-Muslim citizens, who meet certain criteria. From the point of view of the Muslim rulers, jizya was a material proof of the non-Muslims` acceptance of subjection to the state and its laws, “just as for the inhabitants it was a concrete continuation of the taxes paid to earlier regimes. And zakat was a religious tax for Muslims. This article dealt types of tax which levied to Muslim and non-Muslim citizens. I was tried to find conception and changes both Jizya and Zakat system. Islamic Society has various tax systems. Jizya and Zakat was typical Islamic tax system to achieve the social justice and impartiality.

이슬람 이전 시대의 이집트 콥트교의 유래와 발전과정 연구

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2008 중동연구 Vol.27 No.2

It`s not so easy in most of the Arab countries to hear the word `Copt`, but in Egypt. Usual pictures we imagine about Egypt are Pyramids, Pharaoh, Sphinx and Islam. And we can also imagine the Nile River which was the root of the flourishing Egyptian civilization, one of the Four Great Ancient Civilizations, and its numerous temples. Egypt has various characteristics and it`s possible to identify it by four time period: the Pharaonic era, the Greco-Roman era, the Coptic era and Islamic era, and also by three regional aspects: as a part of the Arab world, the Mediterranean world and Africa. The Copt shapes a big body of Christianity in the Middle East in which the Christianity was born. Because History of the Copt in Egypt is longer than 19 centuries, Egypt is mentioned in the Old Testament by many prophets. Coptic believers of Egypt have great self-confidence that they are offspring of ancient Egyptians who build the Egyptian civilization far before the beginning of Christianity and are consequently original natives of the region. Their ancestors had created their identities through resisting and sometimes adapting themselves to powers from outside such as Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Persians and Muslims. Even though, through the long history, 90% of Coptic believers became Muslims partly because of economic benefits and partly imposition and many other reasons in B.C. 640 when Arabs conquered the land of Egypt, some of them had firmly preserved their faith to protect their identities, resisting being assimilated into Islam. This thesis will analyze the process of historical development of the Copt through the period from early Christianity to the time before Islam conquered the region, and includes the definition and identity of the Copt and its development before and after the Byzantine era.

시리아어 정교 연구

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2010 중동연구 Vol.28 No.3

Syriac Orthodox Church is Monophysitism, which known as Syrian Orthodox Church. Early Christian time, it began with appointing Apostle Peter as the first patriarcha but the christian world was divided into Monophysitism and Two Natures of Christ in controversy about gender of Jesus. As Syriac Orthodox Church was considered to be a cult, it had difficult time under Byzantine imperialism and it lived in Islam when the Islam was introduced. In modern time, by suffering hardship which is many members were murdered and so on, they move to all countries of the world to maintain their identity. Even though Islam is the major religion in the Middle East, Syriac Orthodox Church have not assimilated into Islam. They not only remain themselves but also have a long history. Through the study of that minority christian denomination, the purpose of this study is to look at their creed. For this reason, this text covers the research on the Syriac Orthodox Church which is the history of their a process of development and origin from early christian time to today.

사우디아라비아와 아랍에미리트의 군사분야 강화정책

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2015 지중해지역연구 Vol.17 No.3

Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates are implementing a low oil price policy by keeping their oil production at high levels in spite of requests by non-OPEC nations to reduce oil production to prevent oil price collapse. Relying on their enormous oil wealth, approximately one trillion dollars, both countries are emerging as regional powers by investing huge amounts of petrodollar money into the development of military capacity against Iranian threats. Furthermore, reconciliation between Washington and Tehran encouraged Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates to cooperate with Russia,China, and Pakistan as well as Western nations in the military sector. This study will examine the details of strategic military policies in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates and anticipate how their military policies will affect the political topography of both the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region and the Middle East.

영화 사막의 라이언에 나타난 리비아베르베르족의 독립투쟁과 이탈리아의 식민정책

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ),김희정 ( Hee Jung Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2013 중동연구 Vol.32 No.2

Analyzing backgrounds for Islamic democracy and democratization of Libya and Egypt after the case of Tunisia, we can see that this kind of democracy can spread in the Arab countries. Especially the dictatorship of Muammar al-Gaddafi is over by the deeper Occidental engagement in Libya. He is a revolutionary and politician who ‘de facto’ruled Libya that achieved independence from Italian colonial rule. Lion of the Desert is a 1981 Libyan historical action film starring Anthony Quinn as Libyan tribal leader Omar al-Mukhtar, a Bedouin leader fighting the Italian army in the years leading up to World War II and Oliver Reed as Italian General Rodolfo Graziani, who attempted to defeat Mukhtar. It was directed by Moustapha Akkad and funded by the government under Gaddafi. When Omar al-Mukhtar was in intense activity, Italy felt the significance of the Area of the Mediterranean: during occupation Italy brougt three-fourths of imports, specially, 98% of petroleum through the Mediterranean. So it was strategically important to ensure and secure the mediterranean route of trading for the national interest of Italy. This paper starts to study the Italian Policy during the occupation of Libya connecting the activities of Omar al-Mukhtar who belonged to Sanusi, that fighted against Italian occupation. And it searches the graft between Sufi and Berbers in pursuance of the propagation of Islams in North-africa. Finally we conclude how Sufi`s denomination fights foreign intrusion analysing the Italian colonial policy toward Libya.

십자군 전쟁에 대한 연구 -이슬람의 관점에서-

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 한국이슬람학회 2010 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.20 No.1

The Crusades were a series of religiously-sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Latin Christian Europe. The specific crusades to restore Christian control of the Holy Land were fought over a period of nearly 200 years, between 1095 and 1291. The Crusades were fought mainly against Muslims and political enemies of the popes. Crusaders took vows and were granted penance for past sins, often called an indulgence. The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Islamic rule. The Crusades had far-reaching political, economic, and social impacts, some of which have lasted into contemporary times. Because of internal conflicts among Christian kingdoms and political powers, some of the crusade expeditions were diverted from their original aim, such as the Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the sack of Christian Constantinople and the partition of the Byzantine Empire between Venice and the Crusaders. The Crusades had an enormous influence on the European Middle Ages. Although Europe had been exposed to Islamic culture for centuries through contacts in Iberian Peninsula and Sicily, much knowledge in areas such as science, medicine, and architecture was transferred from the Islamic to the western world during the crusade era. Along with trade, new scientific discoveries and inventions made their way east or west. Arab advances (including the development of algebra, optics, and refinement of engineering) made their way west and sped the course of advancement in European universities that led to the Renaissance in later centuries.

이슬람 동방전파의 유형연구 (중국과 한반도를 중심으로)

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 한국이슬람학회 2012 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.22 No.1

The propagation of Islam began in the beginning of 7th century in the Arabian Peninsular and Muslim groups had a hope of wealth and religious beliefs. So Islam spread out rapidly outside of the Arabian Peninsular. The expansion of Islam encountered China in East inevitably and the process of exchange was ongoing in the border of China. Since cultural exchanges take place through war or trade, the exchange of Islamic world and China began with the war. This cultural exchange has been introduced a paper to the Islamic world and it contributed to the academic and scientific development in the Islamic world. After all it contributed to development of the World culture. Chapter Two dealt with encounter of Islamic World and the Orient, Chapter Three dealt with Islam in China, Chapter Four dealt with Islam in the Korean Peninsular, Chapter Five dealt with influence of Islamic Propagation to the Orient. In the conclusion, the exchanges of Islamic World and East is the history of exchange of the Eastern and Western civilization.