Screening of Antibacterial Activity Against to Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogens, Mannhemia haemolytica and Salmonella gallinarum using Different Plant Extracts

함영주,양진호,나종삼,Ham, Young-Joo,Yang, Jin-Ho,Na, Chong-Sam Korean Association of Organic Agriculture 2013 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.21 No.1

Antibacterial activity is an important feature for the development of antibiotics alternatives. Plant extract is considered as a promising alternative for organic farming. In this study, a total of 11 plants were extracted using ethanol to determine their antibacterial activities against to Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogens, Mannheimia haemolytica and Salmonella gallinarum. The synergistic interaction among plant extracts was also investigated. Plants used in this study were Carthamus nctoricus L. (pA), Poncirus trifollata Raf. (pB), Scutellaria balcalensis Georgi (pC) Prunus sargentii (pD), Cucurbita moschata $D_{UCH}$ Leaf (pE), Allium cepa L. peel (pF) Portulaca oleracea L. (pG), Xanthium strumarium L. (pH), Duchesnea chrysantha (pI), Cudrania tricuspidata (pJ) and Juniperus chinensis L. (pK). The pB and pA had the most broad antibacterial spectrum and the highest activity against to Staph. aureus among plant extract, respectively. In the synergistic interaction, the mixtures of pA and pC as well as pA and pF had batter antibacterial activity against to Staph. Aureus compared with other mixtures.

Effects of Different Starter Cultures on the Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract from Fermented Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum

함영주,신영근,최낙진,강상모,Ham, Young-Joo,Shin, Young-Keun,Choi, Nag-Jin,Kang, Sang-Mo Korean Association of Organic Agriculture 2013 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.21 No.3

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of fermentation on biological activity of Chelidonium majus var asiaticum and to screen effective starter culture strains. Antibacterial activity against to Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella gallinarum and antioxidant activity as free radical scavenging activity by using DPPH were tested. Total six starter culture strains, two of Lactobacillus brevis, one of Lactobacillus plantarum and three of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used. Plant extract was prepared after fermentation by using ethanol. All strains showed normal growth in viable cell counts of fermented cultures and L. plantarum showed the highest cell growth significantly (p<0.05). In antibacterial activities of extracts, the activity was found only in the extract from the fermentation using L. plantarum. In antioxidant activity, the highest activity was shown in the fermentation using L. plantarum significantly (P<0.05). Newly produced spots in two of three elution systems on TLC-DPPH test were detected in the fermentation using L. plantarum.

SKH-1 마우스 모델을 이용한 로즈마리와 시트러스 혼합추출물의 피부 광보호 효과

함영주 ( Young Joo Ham ),빈센트오르테가 ( Vicente V. Ortega ),프란시스코호세코메즈 ( Francisco Jose Gomez ),옵둘리오베나벤트가르카 ( Obdulio Benavente Garcia ),줄리안카스티요산체스 ( Julian Castillo Sanchez ),민은설 ( Eun Seol Min ) 대한미용학회(구 대한미용과학회) 2015 대한미용학회지 Vol.11 No.4

The continuous exposure of ultraviolet (UV) rays associated with sunlight has been known to have harmful effects on the human body including hyperpigmentation, photoaging, and skin cancer. There are many different ways to protect skin against harmful effects of UV radiation. A combination of rosemary and citrus bioflavonoids extracts was reported to inhibit the harmful effects of UV irradiation on human HaCaT keratinocytes and also it inhibited the harmful effect on the human volunteers following oral administration. Here, in vivo experiments were carried out to determine the capacity of orally administered rosemary and citrus bioflavonoids extracts to inhibit skin photocarcinogenesis in SKH-1 mice. For this study, animals were placed into two groups: UV irradiation (control group) and UV irradiation+drinking water containing rosemary extract and citrus extract (ratio 1 : 1) at a dose of 1 mg/day (treatment group). For UV irradiation, animals were placed in PVC cages with individual separator for each mouse and with a metallic lattice cover; the each cage was then placed under the UV light lamp at a light-bulb/skin distance of 20 cm. Irradiation events were conducted for 70 minutes per session, three times per week, until the end of the experiments (80 sessions). Four out of ten animals in the treatment group were developed into the lesions on the skin, and the final size of the lesions was comparably smaller than those developed in the control group. The lesions were keratinous nodules without ulceration, telangiectasias,induration or infiltration. The rosemary and citrus bioflavonoids extracts showed that it may decrease the incidence of skin photocarcinogenesis, and may be considered as a dietary supplement for the alleviation or prevention of skin photocarcinogenesis.

지정토론문 (민간형 조정 활성화를 통한 소송과 조정의 균형 모색)

함영주(Ham, Young-Joo) 한국법학원 2021 저스티스 Vol.- No.182-2

집단분쟁의 해결을 위한 새 지평의 모색

함영주(Ham, Young Joo) 중앙법학회 2018 中央法學 Vol.20 No.2

현대사회에서 드물지 않게 발생하는 대규모 집단피해 사건 또는 대규모집단분쟁의 해결문제는 단순한 정권차원의 호오(好惡)와 정치권력의 유·불리에 따라 대처방법이 달라질 수 있는 문제가 아니라 산업화된 모든 국가에서 각국의 내부 사정을 감안하여 효율적이고 합당한 나름의 해결방법을 찾아내야 하는 21세기의 국가가 당면한 주요과제라고 할 수 있다. 현대사회는 시스템 경쟁의 시대라고 할 수 있다. 세계에서 가장 다양한 시스템을 많이 갖추고 있다고 가장 좋은 시스템을 갖추고있다고 할 것도 아니다. 상호연계가 잘 되는 효율적인 시스템이 아니라면 시스템 상호간의 충돌로 기존의 시스템도 망치는 일이 벌어질 수 있기 때문이다. 또한 근래 4차 산업혁명에 대한 논의를 위시하여 현대는 지식이 힘인 시대에서 사고력과 창의력이 힘인 시대로 가고 있다. 이러한 시대에는 제도가 얼마나 많이 활용되느냐의 기준보다 그 제도가 전체 시스템을 얼마나 잘 돌아가게 만드느냐가 더욱 중요할 수가 있다. 5년에 한 건 정도의 소송밖에 없다고 해도 사회 전체의 시스템을 개선하는 효과가 있는 시스템 개혁 소송(system reform litigation)이라면 존재 그 자체로도 효용이 있을 것이기 때문이다. 헤겔은 인류역사를 자유의확대과정으로 보았다. 이에 보태어 필자는집단소송의 역사를인간개인의자유와인간개인의목숨값을확보해가는과정으로보고자한다. 특히 미국의대표당사자소송은제대로 기능하는경우에 용기있는 소수가 현실적인 여건 때문에 침묵하는 다수를 위하여 정의를 구현해 주는 도구로 기능할 수 있는 제도가 될 수도 있다고 생각한다. 다만 제도와 그것을 운용하는 사람의 한계 때문에 발생하는 문제점 또한 적지않다는 점을 유의할 필요가 있다. Solving the problem of large-scale damages and disputes in the modern society is not a problem that can be coped with any special government or specific political party. That is every industrialized country"s major task in the 21st century, which could manage to be solved in an appropriate system according to the legal circumstances of each country. At the same time, modern age could be an age of systematic competition. The more diverse system itself doesn"t guarantee the most efficient system in the global world. That"s because the new system is not interconnected each other as a whole system with the old one, it could work rather ruinous or burdensome to the old system. In addition, with the advent of the fourth industrial revolution, modern age is moving into the era stressing on the thinking- and creativity power. In this age, well designed efficient one whole system is more important than many contradicting systems. The system reform litigation like class action which has the effect of improving the system of society as a whole, even if there is only one lawsuit filed every five years, could be very useful. Philosopher Hegel saw human history is an extension history of freedom. I would like to see the history of class and group action as a process of securing the freedom of individual and the value of individual"s life value. In particular, the U. S. class action system could be work the system that a few good man can do the right thing for the silent majority due to the economic and political hardships. In addition to the class action system itself, the processes of Korea state commission whether to restart construction on Gori nuclear power plant and U. S. September 11th Victim Compensation Fund are also need to be researched at the point of governance. However, it could also noted that many problems arising out of inabilities of the people who manipulates the system and training and fostering process expert.

소비자단체소송의 법적 성질과 집단분쟁해결 시스템의 구축 방향

함영주 ( Young Joo Ham ) 법조협회 2009 法曹 Vol.58 No.6

Korea revised consumer law in 2006. 9. 27. and renamed it as the Consumer Standard Law. Consumer group action was also introduced by this revision for the first time in Korea. According to this consumer standard law, consumer group could file a lawsuit with his own name to represent all inflicted or/and damaged consumers. One of the most important characteristics of this law is that each consumer group can file a lawsuit for entity itself and by his own name in spite of gettting permission by the court. This is mainly because Korean Consumer Group Action has its origin of German Group Litigation and American Class Action at the same time. For this background, Korean Consumer Group action stands out from German and Japan style consumer group action. So, I interpret this character as a peculiar characteristic to Korea Consumer Group Action, which is the combination of German Group Action and American Class Action. I classified this character as the representative character of Group Action, and check and balence character among competitive economic groups. This progressive experiment in Korea will be turn out to be successful or not in the near future. It leaves much room for improvement on Korean Consumer Group Action by a process of trial and error after being in operation in every situation.

이스라엘 대표당사자소송법제의 발전과정 및 시사점

함영주(Ham, Young Joo),이연주(Lee, Yeon Ju) 한국법학원 2012 저스티스 Vol.- No.132

이스라엘은 영국의 팔레스타인 위임통치의 영향으로 1948년 건국 후 영국 민사소송법(English CPR)을 참조하여 이스라엘 민사소송법(IRCP; the Israel Rule of Civil Procedure)제정하였다. 이스라엘 민사소송법(IRCP)은 영국 CPR과 마찬가지로 집단소송에 소극적이어서 1988년 개별법에서 class action제도를 도입하기전까지 이스라엘 민사소송법(IRCP) 제29조가 집단소송의 유일한 법적 근거가 되었다. 그런데 이스라엘 대법원은 Frankisha Merka v. Robinowitz사건(1969)에서 이스라엘 민사소송법(IRCP) 제29조의 모델이 된 영국 민사절차법 명령 제15조 제12항의 규정이 이스라엘 민사소송법(IRCP) 제29조에 비해 더 엄격한 요건을 요구하고 있어 두 법 사이에 상당한 차이가 있음에도 불구하고, 이스라엘 민사소송법(IRCP) 제29조를 영국법원의 영국민사절차법에 대한 해석과 동일한 취지로 판시하여 위 조항의 적용범위를 제한하였다. 이러한 법원의 태도는 1988년 이스라엘 증권법을 필두로 환경위험예방법(1992년), 영업제한에 관한 수정법(1992년), 개정소비자보호법(1994년) 등 개별법에 class action관련 조항이 삽입되도록 하는데 영향을 미쳤다. 개별법에 의한 class ation제도를 도입한 이후에도 이스라엘 법원은 class action의 인증신청을 판단함에 있어 부당한 class action을 인증할 가능성이 존재한다는 점, 피고 기업이 엄청난 경제적 손실을 입을 수 있다는 점 및 소송의 진정한 승자는 원고 변호사가 될 수 있다는 점 등을 우려하여 인증신청의 대부분을 기각하였다. 그리고 인증신청을 받아들인 몇 안 되는 사건에서도 피고 기업이 원하는 내용대로 화해를 이끄는 등 소극적인 태도로 일관하였다. 특히 이스라엘 대법원은 The State of Israel v. E.S.T. Management and Manpower Ltd.사건(2003)에서 별도의 입법이 없는 한 이스라엘 민사소송법(IRCP) 제29조는 현대적 의미의 대표당사자소송(class action)의 근거가 될 수 없다고 명시적으로 판단함으로써 일반대표당사자소송제도의 입법이 시급하다는 인식을 확산시켰다. 이러한 배경 하에 2006년에 제정된 일반대표당사자소송법(Israel general class actions law)은 기본적으로 미국식의 class action을 모델로 하여 개별법에 의해 영역별로 적용되던 대표당사자소송시스템을 하나의 방식으로 통일하였다. 이 법은 대표당사자소송법의 활성화와 공정한 운영을 목적으로 제정되었고, 이러한 목적에 맞추어 개방적인 청구원인, 인증, 대표, 사건관리, 화해, 기금, 소송비용 등에 대한 자세한 규정을 두고 있다. 이스라엘에서 일반대표당사자소송법이 제정되고 시행된 과정은 앞으로 우리나라의 집단소송제의 입법에 있어서 상당한 시사점을 제공한다. 향후 우리법의 제?개정 과정에서 이스라엘 집단소송법에서 보여준 보통법과 시민법을 조화롭게 구성한 방식, 화해검증인제도, 공익의 대표자(public agency) 제도 등의 방식은 적극적으로 참조할 필요가 있다. After the establishment of the state, Israel enacted the Israel Rule of Civil Procedure(IRCP) based on the English Civil Procedure Rules and influenced by British mandate in Palestine. Because IRCP was very passive about group litigation, rule 29 of RCP provide the only formal rule on which litigants could rely on an attempt to pursue representative group litigation until 1988. And in Frankisha Merka v. Robinowitz(1969) case, Israeli Supreme Court adopted a restrictive view in interpreting the rule 29 of IRCP. This passive and restrictive attitude of the Court caused major revision on sector-specified group litigation mechanisms of the Securities law(1988). Court dismissed most of the application for certification of an action as a class action even after those changes. Judges were afraid of certifying class actions that may cause enormous damages to the defendant and end in when lawers are the only winners. In the State of Israel v. E.E.T Management and Manpower Ltd(2003), the Israeli Supreme Court held that Rule of 29 is not a legal basis for representative group actions. This opinion of the supreme court also made in clear that legislating general class action law is urgent and indispensable. The 2006 General Class Actions Law in Israel replaced the entire system of sector-specific provisions. The 2006 Israel law adopted an American style class actions system that caters to interests of defendants in class actions and tries to balance interests between parties to class actions and the public. The law aimed to create a drastic change to the preexisting caselaw. What we learn from the experience of Isral class action law is that Korean class action system needs such a revision. The idea of mixing common law and civil law and adopting the systems of settlement examiner and of public agency could be a useful guide for such revision.

싱가포르 조정제도의 현황과 시사점

함영주(Young Joo Ham) 중앙법학회 2011 中央法學 Vol.13 No.3

The Singapore Mediation Centre ("SMC") is a non-profit organization which is guaranteed by the Singapore Academy of Law. SMC is also a kind of court-connected mediation by the support of the Supreme Court of Singapore, the Subordinate Courts of Singapore and the Singapore Academy of Law. The SMC has spearheaded the mediation movement in Singapore and is dedicated to the promotion of amicable and efficient settlement of disputes. It aims to create an environment people can work together to find enduring solutions on conflicts and tensions. It contributes to build a harmonious society, and a thriving business community by broadening constructive means of dispute resolution and conflict management. The SMC has saved a lot of costs and time for its institutional partners and supporters. According to the figures provided by the Singapore Supreme Court, it is estimated that the savings in legal costs for the parties are substantial. SMC Panel of Mediators and Neutrals are the group of people who are primarily responsible for the satisfaction enjoyed by our partners, clients and supporters. They are members on the SMC Panel of Mediators and Neutrals. SMC panels are accredited mediators and other neutrals which includes retired Supreme Court Judges, Members of Parliament, former Judicial Commissioners, Senior Counsel and leaders from different professions and industries. All SMC neutrals have undergone formal mediation training and rigorous evaluation. They are accredited and appointed to the SMC panel only after they have been assessed to have the necessary skills and appropriate temperament. SMC has a panel of highly trained mediators who are distinguished individuals from different professions and fields of expertise. They are called a principal mediator. SMC is also a training expert in the fields of negotiation, mediation and conflict management. The judiciary of singapore has been supporting SMC mediation. SMC system could be one of a good model of training ADR. It contains accredit and maintain panel mediator to ensure quality, engage in consultancy services for dispute avoidance, educate next generation. The experiences of SMC could be a good model of improving mediation process in Korea.

지정토론문

함영주(Ham, Young-Joo) 한국법학원 2013 저스티스 Vol.- No.134-3

조정인의 선발과 교육에 관한 연구

咸永輳(Young Joo Ham),徐成雲(Sung Woon Seo) 중앙법학회 2014 中央法學 Vol.16 No.1

The role of mediator is becoming important like a role of judge as the mediation process developing in korea. For this reason, this article focused on the new educational and selectional method in Korea court-connected ADR system. At now, Seoul central district Court is managing court-annexed and court-connected mediation process as a pilot program. Seoul Court Mediation Center, KCAB(The korean commercial arbitration board), Seoul Bar Association, Korea Bar Association, Korea Paralegal Association, Korea Fair Trade Agency, Korea consumer Agency, Content Dispute Resolution committee, Korea Exchange, The Korea Christian Conciliation and Arbitration Institute, Korea Copyright Commission and three law schools(Chung-Ang University, Korea University, Sungkyunkwan university) are mediating according to their own programs. At the other part, court judges are also mediating as a mediator supported by specially organized mediation committee, in which many kinds of industry specialists are appointed by the court. In spite of a little complex mediation system, educational system for mediators are not organized well enough in Korea. Most of the mediators are not educated on mediation until now. The mind of separating judgment and mediation is scarce until now. In the case of developed countries, mediator`s qualification is not limited narrowly, but the mediator need to be trained relentlessly and a review on the mediators by the mediation parties are indispensable requisites. I try to present a new possible mediator educational system and feedback system by the parties in this paper.