SSP 주파수 진폭변조가 Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide와 $\beta$-endorphin, cGMP에 미치는 영향

최영덕,심규리,장문경,Choi Young-duk,Shim Kyu-Rhee,Chang Moon-kyung 대한물리치료학회 2002 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.14 No.4

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a very potent dilatator and a nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the peripheral and the central nervous systems. The mechanisms of action of VIP were examined in aortic circular and in uterine longitudinal smooth muscle strips of the rat. The effects of sympathetic neurotransmitter were investigated in gastric and aortic circular muscle strips of the mouse and the rat. The effects of silver spike point, SSP, low frequency electrical stimulations of VIP, sympathetic neurotransmitter and $\beta$-endorphin were examined in plasma, serum and 24h urine from the healthy volunteer. In gastric smooth muscle strips from the mouse, adrenergic neurotransmitter norepinephrine was inhibitory effected, followed by caused phasic and tonic contraction to the, muscrine receptor agonist carbachol and acetylcholine, respectively. In urine from the healthy volunteer, both norepinephrine and epinephrine were significantly decreased in continue type and low frequency (3 Hz) of SSP electrical stimulations. The contractile responses to S-HT in uterine longitudinal smooth muscle strips of the rats were completely decreased by a VIP 1 $\mu$M. The contractile responses to PGF2$\alpha$ were not decreased by a VIP. In plasma and serum from the healthy volunteer, both VIP and $\beta$-endorphin were significantly increased in continue type and low frequency (3 Hz) of SSP electrical stimulations. Therefore, this study demonstrate that VIP has the capacity to relax vascular or gastric smooth muscles in part by stimulating the generation of NO, and silver spike point low frequency electrical stimulation has the capacity both to decrease sympathetic neurotransmitters and to increase VIP, $\beta$-endorphin.

${\beta}-Endorphin$의 내피세포의존성-세로토닌 유도-근 수축 억제와 저빈도-주파수 은침점전자극의 혈장 ${\beta}-endorphin$ 증가

최영덕,이준희,김중환,Choi Young-Duk,Lee Joon-Hee,Kim Jung-Hwan 대한물리치료학회 2004 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.16 No.3

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effects of silver spike point (SSP) low frequency electrical stimulation on plasma ${\beta}-endorphin$ activities measured by radio- immunoassay from normal volunteer and the effects of ${\beta}-endorphin$ on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin)-induced contraction investigated by isometric tension methode in rats. The current of 3 Hz continue type, but not 100 Hz continue type, of SSP low frequency electrical stimulation significantly increased in plasma ${\beta}-endorphin$ from normal volunteer. The endothelial cell-dependent 5-HT-induced contractions were inhibited by ${\beta}-endorphin$ $1{\mu}M$. These results suggest that the ${\beta}-endorphin$ regulates nociceptive-like substance, such as 5-HT, in part and that the SSP low frequency electrical stimulation, specifically current of low frequency of 3 Hz continue type, significantly increases plasma ${\beta}-endorphin$ from normal volunteer.

언론피해구제소송에서 당사자적격과 판결의 경향

최영덕(Young-Duk Choi) 충남대학교 법학연구소 2010 法學硏究 Vol.21 No.1

Even though the law was patterned after the European legal system, there is no denying that the Law was influenced by that of the developed country. A Judicial precedent Standing to sue has become one of the most important and controversial issues in suits between the press and the victims injured by the press reports. The traditional theory of standing in the courts was, at the beginning of the century, whether the interest asserted by th plaintiff amounted to a ‘legal right’, entitled to the protection of the common law. The Civil procedure system equal with its system in the United States. The doctrine of standing to sue has plagued the Supreme Court for several decades. In recent years, the Supreme Court seems to have settled on a two??tiered method for determining whether a plaintiff has standing to sue in federal court. The first level of inquiry is the constitutional core, and the second is the judicially imposed prudential limitations. The purpose of this study of judicial precedents is to find out the doctrine of standing in the legal proceedings related Mass media. The press is requested to help sincerely the victim recover, realizing that they waste their reputation and credit not to mention a lot of time and money during the legal dispute. Also, the press needs to internally transform as well to prevent legal dispute, enforcing confirmation when collecting news materials and building up the device for the press reports.

주주대표소송상 화해와 강제집행에 대한 소고

최영덕(Young-Duk Choi) 충남대학교 법학연구소 2008 法學硏究 Vol.19 No.2

This is a study on the several procedural aspects of the shareholder derivative suits. The topics of this article covers shareholder's standing, suit-joining, settlement and execution. In order to solve these problems the piece examines, the suits' characteristics and legal nature. On the strength of the surveyed characteristics the procedural topics are well lined up to a comprehensive and systematic context, which overcome the old fragmentary and inconsistent study behavior. To the standing problem the article concludes that the shareholder-plaintiff is entitled to suit on the behalf of the corporation and has little relation to the theory of the contemporaneous share ownership in American law. As the shareholder-plaintiffs standing is additional on that of the corporation, it is natural, as showed in this piece, that the corporation can as an independent plaintiff join the current derivative suit. The corporation has a right to execute with shareholder-plaintiff's writ of execution, as it has a original interest in the suit. Nevertheless, the shareholder-plaintiff has a supplementary right to execute, when the corporation is not willing to execute. The author that the legal mechanism of the Korea shareholder derivative suits could be well designed to cope with the growing corruption of corporations, and that it could have a good effect on the development of the legal system in this area.

미국도산법 제15장의 사법공조절차 도입에 관한 고찰

최영덕(Young Duk Choi) 중앙법학회 2007 中央法學 Vol.9 No.2

골절치료에 사용된 금속 내고정물의 피로절손

최영덕(Young-Duk Choi),이해영(Hae-Young Lee) 대한정형외과학회 1988 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.23 No.4

특허권의 공동소유에 관한 법률관계

최영덕(Young-Duk Choi) 한국비교사법학회 2007 비교사법 Vol.14 No.3

It is said that no less than companies attempt to do joint research and study with universities or research centers. Therefore, it is common to have joint ownership with joint parties. On the other hand, lots of companies have struggled with bankruptcy since economy slump in 1998, so it is inevitable to claim on the basis of the joint ownership of patent rights. On the legal construction of joint ownership, a common view gives an explanation that joint ownership is a situation for ownership to be belong to the number of people being dived quantitively. Partition claim right is one-sided claim right that does away with existing part-owners relation over all or partially and generates legal relation dividing common property to each joint owners. In relation to judicial precedents basing on the theory of ownerships competition and on the theory of quantitive dividing, joint ownership disputes have increased. As it is, it became necessary to protect patent rights. According to the case law in this disputes, it is clear to have judgment on the ground of joint ownership rules. The intellectual property law has becomes a precondition affecting national competitiveness in 21st century. However, it is totally different even if each country has holed a patent law. That"s why it is confronted by forum shopping among international lawyers of the intellectual property. Judicial jurisdiction has substantial practical importance in international litigation. The importance derives from the role of judicial jurisdiction in deciding forums in which an international disputes can be litigated. Therefore, making contracts, it is very important to make clear agreements in international jurisdictions as forum selection has vital consequences for results of many international disputes.

주주대표소송에서 회사의 소송법상 지위

최영덕(Young-Duk Choi) 충남대학교 법학연구소 2009 法學硏究 Vol.20 No.1

This is a study on the Corporation’s procedural aspects of the shareholder derivative suits. The problem of the shareholder derivative suits is appeared in shareholder’s standing, suit joining, settlement and execution. In order to solve these problems, this surveys the suits’ characteristics and legal attribute. There is nothing to regulate a cooperation obviously in procedure law in comparison with a shareholder plaintiff and an executive director defendant in a derivative suit. As the derivative suit is composed of shareholders as parties in lawsuit and it works for a cooperation, the judgement can be effective to the cooperation by civil procedure law. Certainly, a cooperation as a party in a lawsuit is supposed to have a right to join the suit like others. Consequently, legal analysis is required to make clear about it as well as for a cooperation to join a suit with a standing.

다발성 관절염 실험동물 모델에서 저출력 GaAlAs 레이저 자극의 진통효능 및 통증관련 척수내 신경세포의 활성변화에 관한 연구

장문경,최영덕,박봉순,Chang, Moon-Kyung,Choi, Young-Duk,Park, Bong-Soon 대한물리치료과학회 2003 대한물리치료과학회지 Vol.10 No.1

The experiments were designated to evaluate the anti-nociceptive effect of low power laser stimulation on acupoint or non-acupoint using arthrogenic solution induced poly arthritis animal model. Evaluation of potential antinociceptive effect of low power laser on arthritis has employed measurements of the foot bending test, the development of either thermal or mechanical hyperalgesia following the arthritis induction. The analysis of thermal hyperalgesia includes Hargreaves's method. Randall-Sellitto test was utilized for evaluating mechanical hyperalgesia. In addition, the antinociceptive effect of low power laser stimulation on arthritis induced spinal Fos expression was analyzed using a computerized image analysis system. The results were summerized as follows: 1. In laser stimulation on acupoint treated animal, laser stimulation dramatically inhibited the development of pain in foot bending test as compared to those of non acupoint treated animal group and non treated animal group. 2. The threshold of thermal stimulation was significantly increased by low power laser stimulation on acupoint as compared to that of non treated control group. 3. Laser stimulation on acupoint dramatically attenuated the development of mechanical hyperalgesia as compared to that of non treated group. 4. Low power laser stimulation on acupoint significantly suppressed arthritis induced Fos expression in the lumbar spinal cord at 3 week post arthritis induction. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that low power laser stimulation on acupoint has potent anti-nociceptive effect on arthritis. Additional supporting data for an antinociceptive effect of laser stimulation was obtained using Fos immunohistochemical analysis on spinal cord section. Those data indicated that laser stimulation induced antinociception was mediated by suppression of spinal neuron activity in pain sensation.

세포 내 $Ca^{2+}$-의존성/-비의존성 평활근 수축기전에 대한 액틴결합단백질-Caldesmon-의 역할 - 노인성 심혈관질환 관련 노인물리치료 연구를 위한 기초의학적 접근 -

김중환,민경옥,최영덕,이준희,천기영,Kim, Jung-Hwan,Min, Kyung-Ok,Choi, Young-Duk,Lee, Joon-Hee,Chon, Ki-Young 대한물리치료과학회 2004 대한물리치료과학회지 Vol.11 No.1

It is widely accepted that smooth muscle contraction is triggered by intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) released from intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ stores such as sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and from the extracellular space, The increased $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ can phosphorylate the 20-kDa myosin light chain ($MLC_{20}$) by activating MLC kinase (MLCK), and this initiates smooth muscle contraction. In addition to the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$-MLCK-tension pathway, a number of intracellular signal molecules, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase C (PKC), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and Rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase (ROCK), play important roles in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. However, the mechanisms regulating contraction of caldesmon (CaD), actin-binding protein, are not entirely elucidated in the presence of $Ca^{2+}$. It is known that CaD tightly interacts with actin and inhibits actomyosin ATPase activity. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the roles of $Ca^{2+}$-dependent CaD in smooth muscle contraction. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), G-protein coupled receptor agonist and vasoconstrictor, increased both vascular smooth contraction and phosphorylation of CaD in the presence of $Ca^{2+}$. These results suggest that ET-1 induces contraction and phosphorylation of CaD in rat aortic smooth muscle, which may he mediated by the increase of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$.