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조직 내 상이한 네트워크가 직무태도에 미치는 차별적 효과
정명호(Myung-Ho Chung),박혜원(Hyewon Park) 한국고용노사관계학회 2009 産業關係硏究 Vol.19 No.1
본 연구는 조직 내에 존재하는 서로 다른 사회적 네트워크(social network)가 개인의 직무태도에 미치는 효과를 검증하였다. 구체적으로, 집단(팀) 수준의 업무조언 네트워크(task advice network)와 조직 전체 수준의 친교 네트워크(friendship network)가 직무태도 형성 과정에서 각기 다른 정보원천(sources of information)의 역할을 할 수 있음에 주목하고, 이러한 네트워크들이 개인의 직무만족과 조직몰입에 미치는 차별적인 효과를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 국내 11개 기업 397명으로부터 얻은 네트워크 자료를 통해 양 네트워크에서 개인이 차지하는 내향중심성(indegree centrality)과 배태성(embeddedness)의 효과를 분석하였다. 연구결과는 가설에서 제시된 바와 같이, 집단 내 업무조언네트워크에서 개인의 중심성이 높고, 배태성의 정도가 높을수록 직무만족이 증가했으며, 조직몰입은 조직 전체의 친교 네트워크에서 중심성이 높고, 배태성이 높을수록 높아졌다. 이러한 연구 결과는 직무만족과 조직몰입의 형성이 서로 다른 네트워크에 의해 영향을 받을 수 있음을 말해주며, 향후 집단-조직수준과 업무조언-친교 네트워크를 동시에 고려한 사회적 관계의 개발이 필요함을 시사하고 있다. Social networks in organizations can be seen as sources of information in the development of job attitudes such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Previous studies on job attitudes have been focused on the interplay of objective job characteristics and individual properties. However, deep understanding of the effects of social relationships still remains limited. Drawing on social information processing (SIP) theory, this study examined the different effects of social networks on individual job attitudes. We proposed that intra-group task advice network would have more significant effect on job satisfaction; extra-group friendship network would be better predictor of organizational commitment. We collected 397 individual-level network data from 11 Korean firms and analyzed different effects of group- and organization-level indegree centrality and ego-density (embeddedness) using UCINET 6 for Windows and hierarchical regression analysis. Major findings are as follows: (1) Centrality and high degree of ego-density in intra-group task advice network, rather than organizational-level relations, are found to have more significant influence on individual job satisfaction. (2) As centrality and ego-density in extra-group friendship network increased, individual organizational commitment were also increased. All in all, this study found different effects of group- and organization-level social relations on different job attitudes. Based on these findings, we discussed theoretical and practical implications of the study and some directions of future research.
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정명호 ( Myung-ho Chung ) 한국성경적상담학회 2015 성경과 상담 Vol.14 No.-
본 연구에서는 상담사역이 목양활동에 있어 하나의 프로그램으로 반드시 필요하다는 것을 말하고자 함이 아니라, 오히려 회복을 목적으로 사람을 돌보는 상담사역이 성경적 목양 활동에 있어 본질이라는 것을 논하고자 한다. 성경적 상담과 성경적 목회는 그 활동의 대상이 인간이라는 점에서 또, 돌봄의 대상인 인간 존재의 처지에 대해서 또, 회복의 길로서 성경말씀에 대한 전적인 권위에 대해서 성경적 이해를 공유한다는 점에서 서로 다른 두 사역이 아니라 하나의 사역이다. 목양활동에서 돌봄의 대상이 되는 인간 존재의 현실은 성경이 말하는 죄와 그로 인한 죽음의 증상들 속에 처해 있다. 여기에서부터 회복되는 길은 예수 그리스도의 십자가와 부활의 복음을 받아들이고 성경적 가르침에 순종하는 길이다. 죽음의 길을 버리고 삶의 길을 걷도록, 그리하여 그 길에서 생명과 평강을 누리도록, 사람들을 이 길로 인도하고 그 길을 걷도록 돌보는 일이 성경적 목양인 동시에 성경적 상담이 지향하는 바이다. This article is not intended to say that counseling ministry is necessary to pastoral ministry as a program, but rather than essential to the ministry that has the purpose on caring people for restoration. In terms of the target of activities on biblical counseling and biblical church ministry are human being, and about the circumstance of human which is the subject of care, and also sharing common biblical understanding the authority of the Bible which is the way of recovering. In this point of view, the biblical counseling and church ministry are not two different ministries, but one. The reality of human existence which is the subject of care in pastoral ministry is placed in the sin and consequent which says in the Bible. The way of restoration is to accept the Jesus Christ`s crucifixion and gospel of resurrection and also, obedience to biblical teachings. The biblical church ministry and biblical counseling are directing to lead and help the people to make abandon the way of death and walk the path enjoying the true life and the peace.
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사회적 관계와 협조적 행동 : 집단 및 조직 수준의 관계특성을 통한 다층적 분석
정명호(Myung-Ho Chung)/박지혜(Jeehye Park)/문형구(Hyoung Koo Moon)/오홍석(Hongseok Oh) 한국인사ㆍ조직학회 2008 인사조직연구 Vol.16 No.4
협조적 행동(cooperative behavior)은 집단과 조직의 성과를 결정하는 핵심적인 요인이다. 지금까지 조직연구에서 협조적 행동의 선행요인으로 개인특성, 직무태도, 인상관리와 같은 개인 수준의 요인들이 연구되어 왔다. 그러나 조직 내 사회적 관계가 개인의 협조적 행동에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구는 매우 부족한 실정이다. 조직에서 개인의 행동은 자신이 소속된 집단 혹은 조직 전체 수준에서의 교환관계로 이해될 수 있다. 따라서 협조적 행동의 원인을 사회적 관계에서 찾을 경우, 개인이 속한 집단과 조직 전체의 사회적 관계를 다층적(multi-level)으로 고려하고 접근해야 한다. 본 연구는 교환이론(exchange theory)과 사회적 네트웍 이론(social network theory)을 기반으로 개인의 협조적 행동을 예측하는 집단 및 조직 수준의 네트웍 변수들의 차별적인 효과를 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 국내 11개 기업에 종사하는 284명의 구성원들로부터 얻은 자료를 바탕으로 조직 내 다층적 관계가 개인들의 협조적 행동에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 분석결과, 개인이 속한 집단 내에서 맺고 있는 사회적 관계가 그 개인이 조직 전체에서 맺고 있는 사회적 관계보다 개인의 협조적 행동을 더 잘 예측할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 구체적으로 집단 내 친교 네트웍에서 개인의 내향 중심성(indegree centrality)과 관계의 중첩성(multiplexity)이 높을수록 개인의 협조적 행동은 증가하였으나, 조직 전체의 친교 네트웍에서는 동일한 네트웍 특성이 협조적 행동에 영향을 주지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과에 근거하여 다층적 교환모형에 기반 한 협조적 행동 연구가 가지는 이론적 및 실무적인 시사점을 제시하였다. Cooperative behaviors have been studied as one of the major topics in economics, sociology, and social psychology. Organizational researchers have also recognized that cooperative behaviors are crucial to the success of organizations. In spite of the lack of consensus on a definition of cooperation, cooperative behaviors in organizations can be broadly defined as organizational members’ willingness to help or work with others, even when it is neither formally demanded nor rewarded. Despite the increasing interests in cooperative behaviors in organizational research, most previous works have focused on individual attributes such as personalities, work attitudes, and impression management motives as the antecedents of cooperative behaviors. However, an individual’s behaviors are seldom driven exclusively by his or her individual characteristics(e.g.,personal disposition or attitudes). Individual actors in organizations are embedded in social relationships with others, and individual behaviors including cooperative behaviors are also influenced by others in organizations. Recently, several studies have suggested the importance of contextual factors, especially social network characteristics for explaining individual cooperative behaviors. However, few studies have examined the effects of different levels of social relationships on cooperative behaviors in organizations. Interpersonal relationships with other people at different levels of organizations(e.g., group- and organization-level) can have different impacts on members’ cooperative behaviors. In this study, we explored two research questions about the relationships between individual actors’ social relationships and their cooperative behaviors at different levels in organizations : (1) How an individual’s network characteristics will influence that person’s interpersonal cooperative behaviors?; (2) How an individual’s network characteristics at different levels in organizations will have different effects on that person’s interpersonal cooperative behaviors? Many studies on cooperative behaviors have drawn on social exchange theory as the basis for predicting cooperative behaviors. In organizational life, people are embedded in multiple relationships not only in groups to which they belong but also in overall organization. Those individuals develop exchange relationships with their group members and other coworkers outside their immediate groups. Thus, we expect that members’ cooperative behaviors will be affected by their network characteristics derived from their different social relationships at different levels in organizations. In this study, we focus on an individual’s network centrality and multiplexity as the relational antecedents of that person’s cooperative behaviors. Individuals occupying central positions in the networks tend to be more prestigious and powerful, and can easily access useful information and resources. It makes more central individuals potentially more available for help requests from other people. Moreover, previous studies have suggested that central individuals are more likely to perceive their roles more broadly (Brass, 1981) and are more sensitive to opportunities for interpersonal cooperative behaviors (Venkataramani & Dalal, 2007). The extent of network embeddedness also provides a context for an individual’s cooperative behaviors. If some coworkers in organizations are also friends for social gatherings after work, they are involved in multiple domains together, and connected in both emotional and instrumental exchanges through multiplex ties. In multiplex relationships among individuals, one’s behavior in one context also affects that person’s behaviors in another context. As a result, multiplex relations tend to constrain the individual’s behaviors. Previous researches also maintain that embedded social structure encourages the emergence of norms and the establishment of trustworthiness (Granovetter,
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정명호(Chung Myung Ho) 역사실학회 2001 역사와실학 Vol.19·20 No.-
Many essays concerning the origins of our traditional arts and crafts have been written. However most of these writing limits the origin of our traditional arts and crafts to the Neolithic era. However the developments in archaeological studies have now allowed us to study the tools of the Paleolithic era. We have been able to study how the tools of that era were made and also the extent of their capabilities. 1933 A.D. was the starting point when Paleolithic remains began showing their potential for study. The Dongkwanjin remains in the Northern Hamgeong province (함경북도 종성군 종관면 동관진유적) was the first subject of study of the Paleolithic era. After that the Kulpori remains in Northern Hamgeong province (함경북도 웅기군 노서면 굴포리유적) was studied, and for ten years between 1964 and 1974 in the Southern Choongcheong province, overall research results of the Sukjangri remains (충청남도 공주군 장기면 석장리유적) confirmed that the remains were indeed from the Paleolithic era. Between 1966 and 1974, after two studies were conducted, the Kumeunmoroo remains in the Southern Pyeongan province (평안남도 상원군 상원면 검은모루 유적) proved that there had been artifact remains before the Paleolithic era. Additionally for three years between 1978 and 1980, the Jeongokri remains in the Gyeonggi province (경기도 연천군 전곡면 전곡리 유적) were studied, along with the Dooroobong cave remains in the Northern Choongcheong province (충청북도 청원군 가덕면 노현리 시남부락 두루봉동굴 유적). Two decorative artifacts and a sculpture in its early stages were discovered at the Dooroobong cave. A decorative artifact made in the shape of a bison made from thigh bone, and a pair of artifacts made from a deer′s horns were all originally discovered in Korea. The decorative artifact that was made in the shape of a bison is assumed not to merely symbolize a bison, but to also have a religious meaning concerning cows. Also the deer horn artifact is thought to be a religious charm that was used to worship deers. Through the study of the artifacts of the Paleolithic era we are able to assume that our traditional arts and crafts included not only daily tools, but also decorative ornaments that held deep religious meaning. Also, on a more scientific level, we are able to see the developmental stages of technology concerning artifacts made from stone. First, the Slamming Construction Method was used to make the single-blade axe from gravel and then hammers were used for the Direct-slamming Construction Method. The next stage developed into the Anvil-Hammer method, which then developed into the Indirect-slamming method. And then there was the Expand-and-Rip method. We can observe the development in technology and capability of the tools that were produced during that period by observing the artifacts. We can see that between the pre-Paleolithic era and the Mid-stone age that the wisdom and capabilities to produce decorative artifacts and sculptures were improved. Not only that, we can also note the religious consciousness of the people during that period and their efforts to improve their surroundings when observing customs such as arranging flowers. Additionally we can discover that there were exchanges between the east and west when studying the arts and crafts of the Paleolithic era We can feel proud when studying the excellence and rich tradition of our traditional arts and crafts.
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