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코로나19가 한국경제에 미치는 영향에 대한 성경경제학적 고찰
이윤재(Youn jai Lee) 한국기독교경제학회 2020 OIKONOMOS Vol.7 No.2
코로나19가 우리나라 경제에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고 성경경제학 (biblical economics) 관점에서 시사하는 바를 살펴보았다. 코로나가 경제에 끼친 영향은 무엇보다도 경제적 불평등을 더 악화시키고 있다는 점이다. 취약계층의 일자리 감소가 더 심각하며 더딘 경제회복과 함께 물가상승이 우려됨을 살펴봤다. 그리고 코로나로 인해 파생된 여러 가지 문제점들을 성경경제학적인 관점에서 고찰했다. 이해관계자자본주의의 등장 및 ESG, 경제적불평등 및 건강 형평성 이슈, 경제적 약자 보호, 경제민족주의, 그리고 Big Brother 적인 큰 정부 등에 대한 이슈를 성경경제학적인 관점에서 고찰했다. 성경은 우리에게 코로나 앞에서 낮아지고 겸손해지라는 것이다. 그리고 이웃과 함께 더불어 살아가야 하는 공동체 정신을 일깨워 주고 있다. This paper looks into the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Korean economy and its implications in the Biblical economics perspectives. The Covid-19 pandemic has heavily hit the Korean economy as it causes a sharp decline in economic growth and employment. Job losses have been most serious among the young people and the lower tiers of labor market such as daily workers and short-term contracted employees. The Covid-19 pandemic is expected to worsen economic inequalities already in progress. In addition, this paper examines inflation possibilities after the Covid-19 pandemic, which cannot be ruled out considering the central bank’s interest rate policy position. Discussions in this paper about the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on the Korean economy are based on the Biblical Economics perspective: transition from shareholder capitalism to stakeholder capitalism, care for the poor, attention to economic and health inequalities, precautions against economic nationalism and the protection of aliens, and possible abuses of Big Brother government warned in the Bible.
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특별섹션 논문 : 중소기업과 고용에 대한 기존연구와 새로운 연구방향에 관한 소고
이윤재 ( Youn Jai Lee ) 한국중소기업학회 2011 中小企業硏究 Vol.33 No.4
중소기업은 고용창출 및 고용유지에서 매우 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있음에도 불구하고 이에 대한 심층적인 연구가 미진하였다. 본고에서는 중소기업부문과 고용에 관하여 기존연구 방식을 검토하고, 최근에 새롭게 진행되고 있는 연구 분야를 소개하고자 한다. 전통적으로 중소기업부문의 고용은 거시적인 접근의 연구가 주로 이뤄져 왔다. 중소기업의 고용에 대한 정책지원 효과를 극대화시키기 위해선 미시적인 접근이 필요하다. 또한 구직자의 역량이 취업에도 많은 역량을 끼칠 수 있다는 새로운 연구가 제시되고 있다. 마지막으로 고령화 시대를 맞이하여 중장년층의 일자리와 청년층의 일자리 창출 간에 어떤 관계가 있는가를 규명하는 것도 시급한 문제이다. This is a critical review paper of the relations between small and medium enterprises and job creation. The importance of the role of SMEs in job creation has been consistently posed by academic researchers and practitioners. Realizing that SMEs are the important source of job creation, variety of policies on invigoration of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial environment have been adopted in developed countries such as Europe and the United States. For large enterprises have emphasized on restructuring due to excessive human resources and capital, SMEs has been the important source of job creation. Particularly, the innovative venture firms have contributed substantively to job creation. Similar phenomena have been occurring in Korea as well. Since the IMF financial crisis of late 1990s, SMEs have created more jobs while large enterprises have tried to concentrate on reorganization and restructuring of human resources. In chapter 2, the theoretical relations between SMEs and job creation are reviewed briefly. In chapter 3, issues of research methodological approaches are discussed. This paper discusses not only macro approaches but also micro approaches such as perspectives of individual firms and individual job seekers. In chapter 4, the new research areas regarding employment issues of SMEs and the future research directions are discussed and introduced. In the final chapter, chapter 5, the paper closes with the summary and conclusion. In Korea, although large enterprises in the manufacturing sector have achieved global competitiveness with rapid increase in products and sales amount of the manufacturing sector, they do not contribute significantly in job creation due to the expansion of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and off-shoring in abroad. In recent years, overseas investment by large enterprises in Korea exceeds its domestic investment resulting decrease in local job creation capacity of large firms. While the contribution of SMEs has been higher than that of Large enterprises until 2006 and this trend still seems to be valid. Generally speaking, SMEs has been the important sources of job creation and kept job stability. During the past decades, SMEs has created substantial amount of jobs in most developed countries. What is more, recent global financial crisis has deteriorated job growth even more. SMEs is experiencing labor shortage, while job seekers of younger generation are suffering from unemployment. Thus the goal of this paper is to review briefly existing researches on the relations between SMEs and job creation and to propose future researches. Recently, there are more researches that innovation in SMEs is more substantial in job creation. Particularly, entrepreneurship, which plays a pivotal role in innovative activities of SMEs, is gaining more importance (Garret and Wall, 2006). In the States and Europe, the important role of entrepreneurial activities by SMEs in job creation has been recognized, so that the start-up assistance policy has been emphasized more. But indirect supporting policies have been employed, instead of direct supporting polices. However, the long-term vs short-term impacts of entrepreneurial activities on job creation has been continuously argued. The start-up of new firms has two controversial influence like a double-edged sword. It directly affects job growth by creating new jobs, but it also diminishes job growth by substituting existing firms with new ones. Researchers generally agree with the fact that entrepreneurial activities has a positive effect on job creation but its discussion of long and short-term effects is inconclusive. The empirical evidence of the entrepreneurial activities has been mixed up: some countries showed positive impact on job creation while others negative one. In Korea, Lee (2009) and Lee et al. (2011) showed positive impact on job creation. Traditionally, job creation has become one of the main subjects of macroeconomics. Globalization has led to the increase in foreign direct investment and automation of manufacturing facilities of large enterprises, which has diminished job creation. What is more, large firms have a favorable advantage of flexible adjustment of labor forces according to business cycle, comparing to SMEs. In recession, they can cut off excessive workforce without any big problem because they are at the favorable position of attracting new job seekers. On the other hand, SMEs are not flexible with adjustment of workforces, which keep holding labor forces even in case of recession. Ironically, inflexible labor adjustment of SMEs played a role in hoarding the potential unemployed labor forces. For some more information about SMEs` job creation, categorizing SMEs more in detail is needed. There can be classified two types of SMEs : new venture firms started-up and existing SMEs with long age. In terms of job creation capacity, new venture firms survived for some years (generally 5 years or more) showed more positive effect on job creation, comparing to existing enterprises or new ones started-up newly. This paper also highlights some issues addressed by micro approaches, which deals with individual firms or individual job seekers, rather than unit of the national economy. First, a paradigm shift is necessary to expand job creation in today`s jobless growth period. Potential SMEs can appeal to younger generation if they emphasize human resource development such as career education development. Second, the miss-match issue in labor market is critical. There exists a critical miss-match of information between job seekers and firms. Firms do not have enough information on job seekers and vice versa. Third, creating new types of jobs or firms could be a complement to the job growth issue. Especially, supporting the creation of one-man companies could be the alternative. Fourth, creating jobs in emerging the industry sector is also very important. The Korean government is focusing on ``green growth`` strategy and related industries such as new regeneration energy could be important sources of job creation in near future. Traditionally, researches related to labor market have adopted macro perspective. However, macro approach could not cover SMEs` diversity, so that micro approach is needed to compensate for weakness of macro method. Recently, there is a strong tendency to assume an employee as a human capital. Therefore, there is a general agreement that the competency of job seekers is substantially related to the possibility of employment. Thus, future research focusing on the competency of job seekers could be desirable. As economy goes to the aging economic structure, unemployment of the old generation would be the big social issues in near future. There are some arguments that the supporting unemployment programs for the old generation would crowd out the young generation`s job. Some more research on this issue is needed. Traditionally, macro approach has been employed in research on SMEs` job creation, but micro approach is needed to compensate for missing parts due to aggregated analysis.
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