동남아시아의 사형제도에 대한 비판적 고찰

이덕인(Lee, Deok-In) 한국형사법무정책연구원 2013 형사정책연구 Vol.96 No.-

논문 : 미성년범죄자에 대한 사형폐지의 정당성

이덕인 ( Deok In Lee ) 한국경찰이론과실무학회 2010 경찰연구논집 Vol.7 No.-

국제사회는 18세 미만의 미성년자에 대한 사형선고를 적극적으로 회피하도록 하고, 나아가 사형집행의 제한연령 역시 구체적으로 규정할 것을 요청하고 있다. 모든 사람은 자기 생명을 지킬 권리, 자유를 누릴 권리, 그리고 자신의 안전을 지킬 권리가 있다고 하는 세계인권선언 제3조에 근거하여 제네바협약 제1추가의정서와 시민적, 정치적 권리에 관한 국제규약, 아동권리협약 등 국제적인 인권조약들에서 기소당시 18세 미만인 미성년자에 대한 사형을 금지하고 있다. 이에 따라 사형규정을 두고 있는 전 세계 국가들 가운데에서도 93개 국가는 그들의 형벌규범체계 내에서 미성년범죄자에 대한 사형을 허용하지 않고 있다. 그러나 오늘날 이슬람국가 가운데 일부인 몇몇 나라들에서는 미성년자에 대한 사형선고와 집행을 멈추지 않고 있다. 이들 국가들이 향후 어떠한 변화를 보여줄 것인지 여부는 현재로서는 단언할 수 없으나 국제사회가 항상 인류애적 관점에서의 관심과 설득을 통하여 미성년에 대한 사형의 선고와 집행을 정지하도록 독려해야 할 것이다. 인권 선진국가로 인식되고 있는 미국은 비교적 최근까지 미성년사형수에 대하여 사형을 선고하고 집행을 해왔으나 국제사회로부터 비난에 직면하여 현재에는 미성년자에 대한 사형을 금지하고 있다. 그러나 향후 연방대법원의 구성원이 변경되고 사회적으로 미성년범죄자의 범죄수준이 어떠한 모습으로 전개되는가에 따라서 다시금 사형재개로 나아갈 수 있는 여지가 있다. 일본에서도 소년범죄가 흉포화되고 사회적으로 조장된 범죄에 대한 공포와 두려움은 대중적 엄벌주의와 결합하게 되면서 소년사법에 있어서 성인범죄자와 동일한 엄벌정책을 표방하게 되어 미성년범죄자에 대한 사형은 이제 예외적인 것이 아니라 원칙으로 자리 잡게 되었다. 우리나라의 경우 현재로는 미성년사형수에 관한 논란이 없는 것으로 보이지만 사형제도를 여전히 유지하고 있고 소년강력범죄가 증가하여 그 심각성이 사회적 문제로 부각하게 된다면 미성년범죄자에 대한 강력한 처벌을 요구하게 될 것이다. 그런데 현행법에서는 사형이 완화되는 연령을 만18세까지로 하고 있어서 소년법상의 보호대상연령인 만19세와 조화를 이루지 못하고 있다. 따라서 소년형법이 만19세까지를 성인과 달리 취급하고자 한다면 사형완화의 연령 역시 만19세까지로 확대되어야 할 것이며, 미성년자에 대한 사형은 소극적인 완화가 아니라 전면적으로 폐지되어야 한다. There are the countries cease the sentence of death and the execution among the Muslim countries. But, about the reason why these countries do not cease the execution of the minority, it is fount to wait Muslim-oriented changes from inside of Islam based on proper understanding about the Islam rather than criticize it with being biased towards western view. It is cannot be said for certain at present whether or not the Muslim countries which executed minority criminals mark a certain changes, but the international society should encourage to cease the sentence of death and the execution by concern and persuasion of the view of humanity. America, being recognized for advanced country of human rights, ceased the execution of the minority only five years ago. The sentence of death and the execution of the minority under 18 years old are forbidden by the Supreme Court`s precedent at present, so each state does not acts against it. But changing standard inside the American society is at the against the death penalty of the minority, though it leave place for resuming the death penalty depending on changes of members of the Supreme Court in the future and which form the level of crimes of minors socially unfolded. In Japan, death penalty of the minority become principles not exceptions by claiming the same severe punishment policy as the adult criminals to the minor jurisdiction through fierce to being cruelty of juvenile crime and combination of fear of crime encouraged socially and public severe punishment policy. In our country, it is being recognized that there are no debates over the problem of minor-condemned criminals. But it could be possible to being resulted in requiring stronger punishment for minor criminals because of still retaining the death penalty and in case of becoming the social problem by increasing and being cruelty of the juvenile violent crime day by day. Also, various standards are showing difference of protection age, especially in the current law, juvenile age being relaxed death penalty stated until 18[will complete one`s eighteenth year], so discordant with 19[will complete one`s nineteenth year], protection age in the juvenile law. So, if juvenile criminal law as a doer-oriented and education-oriented would like to treat juvenile under 19[will complete one`s nineteenth year] differently from adults, the age of relaxing death penalty should also be expanded to 19[will complete one`s nineteenth year]. Therefore, death penalty of the minority should be abolished completely not be relaxed passively.

박정희정권기의 사형제도에 대한 실증적 분석과 비판

이덕인(Lee, Deok-In) 한국형사법무정책연구원 2014 형사정책연구 Vol.100 No.-

불법유출 문화유산에 대한 형사법적 보호

이덕인 ( Deok In Lee ) 한국비교형사법학회 2011 비교형사법연구 Vol.13 No.2

In the background of that the several countries in the world recognized the importance of their own cultural heritage and set the management and protection as one of the major challenges of the national policy, a variety of intents and purposes must be existed but generally, it means that the relative country entered the stable welfare-type economy structural phase to show culturism and to determine quality of life out of the incomplete survival-type structural. In addition, in the side of the relative country ensuring differentiated identity in the international community, the fact that the cultural heritage performs some roles and features over the symbolism was recognized. By the way, the protection policy of cultural heritage in our country is set to pursue the illegal outflow cultural heritage charge back of illegal outflow cultural heritage internationally, and the prevention and effective retention about damage stolen domestically by duality way, and the related issues are being examined and the measures for the realization are planned. But the legal systems which can respond effectively to the cultural property crime has been consisting as improvises depending on necessity, so it is incomplete and maintenance is not proper, and the charge back problem of overseas illegal outflow of cultural heritage that the conditions to participate in the exact situation and international coordination and cooperation are not prepared. Therefore, the causes and characteristics and usage of cultural property crime should be checked for being appropriate to the realistic request, and rushing to sign up related international norms, and the problems of domestic-related norms should be diagnosed objectively, so the unilateral regulatory should be enhanced and the appropriate response measures about the parts that improvements are necessary should be followed.

우범자관리에 대한 비판적 분석

이덕인(Lee, Deok-In) 한국형사법무정책연구원 2013 형사정책연구 Vol.93 No.-

1950년대의 사형제도에 대한 실증적 분석과 비판

이덕인(Lee Deok-in) 한국형사법무정책연구원 2015 형사정책연구 Vol.102 No.-

중국 사형제도의 현상과 전망

이덕인(Lee Deok-In) 한국형사법무정책연구원 2010 형사정책연구 Vol.82 No.-

형사책임연령 하향에 대한 비판적 고찰

이덕인(Lee Deok-In) 한국형사법무정책연구원 2012 형사정책연구 Vol.89 No.-

사형제도의 정당성에 대한 비판적 검토

이덕인(Lee, Deok-In) 한국형사정책학회 2011 刑事政策 Vol.23 No.1

Last year, in 2010, some death penalties were executed in the US and in some countries in Asia. However, the overall number of death penalties executed globally had fallen compared to previous year, with nations abolishing death penalty on the rise. Generally, there is increase in international movement for death penalty being abolished. Since the 23rd capital punishment, as the last, executed in Korea in December 1997, we have ceased death penalty executions for the past 14 years. Such record, although we have not proclaimed Moratorium, we were known to have abolished death penalty by international society. However, each time a brutal crime takes place, the public emotion would boil up and presses the government authorities to bring back the death penalty. And time and time again, these pressures led to governments review series of actions. Strictly speaking, therefore, the death penalty in Korea is not completely abolished. In other words, those condemned criminals are merely being held around regional correction facilities, standing by to hear of their final fate, which are depended on pressure from public opinion and government authority's will. Human rights and human dignity can never coexist with death penalty. No matter how brutal a crime, considering it is the present social state connected with mankind, the government would be neglecting their duty to work on a worn-out belief that death penalty would secure us safe society. Especially so when there is no treatment or safeguard considered. Also, through constitutional evaluation, Korea has been insisting on impossibility to abolish death penalty, while maintaining death penalty system. However, both the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court demanded the question of whether to maintain or abolish death penalty should be dealt legislatively. It only implies that it is beyond human being's ability to decide on justification for putting a limitation on a right to life, even for a condemned criminal. Therefore, the burden of proof for justification for death penalty is obviously something the nation has to bear. And if it is true that such proof is not possible or inadequate, death penalty should permanently be removed from the nation's list of punishments.

자살사건의 실증적 분석과 자살예방정책을 위한 제언

이덕인(Lee, Deok In),박현도(Park, Hyun Do) 부산대학교 법학연구소 2013 법학연구 Vol.54 No.1

형사사건으로 인한 피해자 사망보다 심각한 수준으로 증가하고 있는 자살사망자의 문제는 관련된 사회적 인식에 변화를 가져왔으며, 국가 차원에서 예방정책을 수립하고 대응할 것을 촉구하는 계기가 되었다. 그러나 두 차례에 걸친 국가적 예방정책의 설계와 추진과정에서 마련된 다양한 대응방안은 여전히 한계성을 보이고 있어서 그 실태와 원인에 대한 파악조차 어려운 상황이다. 특히 우리나라 자살현상의 특성을 살펴보면서 실태 분석과 함께 심리학적 부검의 필요성이 제기되고, 부산광역시 자살사건에 대한 경찰통계를 검토하는 과정에서도 선행연구의 결과를 추가하는 수준에서 벗어나지 못하는 한계를 확인하게 되었다. 따라서 이를 극복하려면 자살자를 둘러싼 개인적·사회환경적 요인에 대한 적절한 규명과 이에 기초한 자살실태조사가 전제되어야 하는데, 현행 자살예방정책의 기본구조와 법률의 체계를 볼 때 어려움이 따른다. 이에 대해서는 자살시도자에 대한 보호조치와 자살자를 포함한 변사자검시 직무 등을 담당하고 있는 경찰기관으로 하여금 자살실태 정보를 수집하고 축적할 수 있도록 하여 그 결과를 토대로 심리학적 부검을 거쳐 향후 자살예방정책의 개선에 제공해야 할 것이다. The rate of deaths by suicide is reaching a very serious level, which is more increasing rather than deaths caused by criminal cases. That’s why social perception on suicides has changed and it serves as a momentum to plan prevention policies and confront the social problem at the national level. However during planning and pushing ahead of two nationwide prevention policies and forthcoming of legal grounds relevant in the process, there seems to be limits, so it is faced with a difficult situation to understand current situation and causes of suicide. In particular, while the phenomena of suicides were examined, the necessity of psychological autopsy was brought up. And in order to overcome the limits that findings of previous studies have been added during analysis of police statistics about suicide incidents of Busan, it is confirmed that individual, social and environmental factors around suicides should be identified appropriately. Therefore despite importance of precise investigation for current situation of suicides, looking basic structures of suicide prevention policies and the system of relevant laws, it is difficult to investigate. In order to settle this problem, the relevant laws should be established to gather and accumulate relevant information for the police in charge of protective measures of would be suicides and autopsy duties of persons who had died unnaturally during expansive policing. And the police can provide the results for full-scale implementing suicide protection policies and designing their improving ways.