자연과학편 : 한국인(韓國人)의 최대운동부하(最大運動負荷)에 대한 심(心)·폐기능(肺機能)의 반응(反應)에 관한 연구(硏究) - 최대산소섭취량(最大酸素攝取量), 심기능반응(心機能反應) 및 심(心)·폐적성(肺適性) 평가기준(評價基準)을 중심으로 -

박희명(HiMyungPark),김유진(YuJinKim),김유영(YuYoungKim),김유문(YuMoonKim),김종석(JongSukKim),이봉렬(BongRyeolLee),김창호(ChangHoKim),박재용(JaeYongPark),채성철(SungChulChoi),전재은(JaeEunJun),정태훈(TaeHoonJung),박의현(WeeHyunPark) 한국체육학회 1993 한국체육학회지 Vol.32 No.2

한국인의 VO₂ max와 최대운동부하에 대한 심기능 반응의 성별, 연령별 참고치와 신체적성(심·폐적성) 수준 평가의 기준을 마련해 보고자 건강한 한국인 남녀 731명을 대상으로 Bruce법에 의한 증상제한성 최대운동부하 검사를 실시하여 VO₂ max, 최대 운동시간, HR max 및 O₂ pulse max를 계측하였으며, 이들 대상자들의 RER max는 모두 1.05 이상이었다. 남자 425명(연령 : 39.1 ±9.86세)의 최대운동시간의 평균(±표준편차)은 14.8±2.25분이었고, HR max는 187±12.3회였으며, VO₂ max 및 O₂ pulse max는 각각 51.33±8.77 ml/㎏/min 및 18.8±3.07ml/beat였다. 여자 306명(연령 38.4±10.41세)의 최대운동시간은 12.8±1.90분이었고, HR max는 183±11.7회였으며, VO₂ max 및 O₂ pulse max는 각각 43.09±6.76 ml/㎏/min 및 13.1 ± 1.96 ㎖/beat이었다 최대운동시간, HR max및 VO₂ max는 모든 연령군에서 여자보다 남자에서 유의하게 많았으며 남녀에서 다 같이 연령이 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 그리고 연령을 변수로 한 운동시간, VO₂ max 및 HR max의 회귀방정식에서, 남자는 매년 운동시간은 5.71초, VO₂ max는 0.42 ml/㎏/min, HR max는 분당 0.77회 감소하고, 여자는 각각 4.45초, 0.37 ml/㎏/min, 0.81회씩 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 저자들의 성적을 토대로 최대운동부하 검사를 하지 않고 VO₂ max(ml/㎏/min)를 예측하는 다중회귀방정식을 구해 보면 남녀에서 각각, VO₂ max=91 - 0.40×나이 - 0.34×체중(r=0.58, SEE=7.20), VO₂ max = 67 - 0.35×나이 - 0.18 × 체중 (r=0.62, SEE=5.34)이었고, 운동부하 검사를 실시하여 운동시간(초)을 변수로 해서 VO₂ max를 추정하는 회귀방정식은 남녀에서 각각, VO₂ max=11.25+0.045×운동시간 (r=0.69, SEE =6.32), VO₂ max = 13.18+0.039×운동시간 (r=0.66, SEE=5.09)이었으며, 운동시간, 나이, HR max, 그리고 그 밖의 변수를 첨가해서 VO₂ max를 추정하는 회귀방정식은 남녀에서 각각, VO₂ max=25+0.035×운동시간-0.16×나이-0.16×체중+0.06×HR max (r=0.74, SEE=5.93), VO₂ max=9+0.028×운동시간-0.18×나이+0.11×HR max (r=0.76, SEE=4.41)이었다. 한편 심·폐적성 수준을 평가하는 보다 더 상세한 기준을 마련해 보기 위하여 최대운동시간 및 VO₂ max를 남녀에서 각 연령군별로 5백분위수 단위로 나누어 표시하였고, 아울러 최대운동시간과 VO₂ max는 그들의 평균치와 표준편차를 이용하여 심·폐적성 수준을 5범주로 나누는 기준을 제시하였다. 저자들의 성적을 국내외의 선행연구자들의 그것과 비교해 보면 HR max는 비슷하였으나 VO₂ max는 남녀 모두에서 보고된 성적보다 높았는데, 그 주된 원인은 운동시간이 선행연구자들의 그것보다 길었기 때문이었다. 이런 사실로 보아 한국인에서 VO₂ max나 최대운동시간을 기준으로 신체적성을 평가하는 경우에는 외국인의 성적을 그대로 적용하기 보다 한국인을 대상으로 한 성적을 기준으로 하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 생각되는 동시에 저자들의 VO₂ max의 성적이 선행연구자들의 그것보다 많았던 원인에 대해서는 추후의 연구가 필요한 것으로 생각된다. To establish the reference values of maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) and cardiac responses to maximal exercise loading and to propose criteria for the classification of cardiorespiratory (physical) fitness level in Korean adults, symptom-limited maximal exercise test was carried out by Bruce protocol in 731 healthy adult consisting of 425 men and 306 women. Subjects were considered to have done their maximum when they exercised on the treasmill until nearly exhausted and attained maximal respiratory exchange ratio of 1.05 or more. The ages of the subjects ranged from 20 to 66 years in both men and women with the mean (±SD) of 39.1 ± 9.86 and 38.4 ± 10.41 years, respectively. Exercise duration, maximal heart rate (HR max), VO₂ max and maximal O₂ pulse (O₂ pulse max) were 14.8 ± 2.25 min, 187 ± 12.3 beat/min, 51.33 ± 8.77 ml/㎏/min and 18.8 ± 3.07 ml/beat in men, respectively, and 12.8 ± 1.90 min, 183 ± 11.7 beat/min, 43.09 ± 6.76ml/㎏/min and 13.1 ± 1.96 ml/beat in women, respectively. The VO₂ max, exercise duration and HR max decreased with age, and VO₂ max, exercise duration and O₂ pulse max were significantly higher in men than in women in all age groups. Regression formulas using age alone as a variabe revealed that yearly reductions of the maximal exercise duration, VO₂ max and HR max in men were 5.71 sec, 0.42ml/㎏/min and 0.77 best/min, respectively, and those in women were 4.45 sec, 0.37 ml/㎏/min and 0.81 beat/min, respectively. Regression equations for the predication of VO₂ max (ml/㎏/min) using physical characteristics as variables for men and women were : VO₂ max =91-0.40(Age in yr)-0.34(Wt in ㎏), (r=0.58, SEE=-7.20) and VO₂ max=67-0.35(Age)-0.18(Wt), (r=0.62, SEE=5.34), respectively. Equations for the estimation of VO₂ max (ml/㎏/min) using exercise duration (sec) as a variable for men and women were : VO₂ max = 11.25+0.045(Exercise Duration), (r=0.69, SEE=6.32) and VO₂ max = 13.18+0.039(Exercise Duration), (r=0.66, SEE=5.09), respectively. Multiple regression equations for the estimation of VO₂ max for men and women were : VO₂ max=25+0.035(Exercise Duration)-0.16(Age)-0.16(Wt)+0.06(HR max), (r=0.74, SEE=5.93) and VO₂ max=9+0.028(Exercise Duration)-0.18(Age)+0.11(HR max), (r=0.76, SEE=4.41), respectively. To provide reference values for more detailed evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness level, the maximal exercise duration and VO₂ max were presented in 5 percentile in each age group. In addition, criteria for the practical classification of cardiorespiratory fitness levels into five categories were proposed for each age group based on the maximal exercise duration as well as VO₂ max. It was noticeable that VO₂ max in our study is greater than those hitherto reported, primarily as a result of longer exercise duration on the treadmill. This seems to emphasize that results of exercise tests in Koreans, particularly VO₂ max, should be interpreted based on our own data, and also suggests that the reason(s) of high VO₂ max in Koreans should be clarified.

인문 · 사회과학편 : 도시성인(都市成人) 신체구성(身體構成) 성분(成分)에 관한 조사분석(調査分析) 중(中) · 장년(壯年)을 중심(中心)으로

박희명(HiMyungPark),채홍원(HongWoenChae),김제군(JeGunKim),류미용(MiYongRyoo) 한국체육학회 1989 한국체육학회지 Vol.28 No.2

대구 유성스포츠프라자의 회원가운데 단계적운동부하검사를 포함한 여러 의학적 검사와 이학적 진찰에서 건강하다고 생각되는 30 · 40대 남녀 325명을 대상으로, 기본적인 체격측정과 더불어 피부두겹두께법으로 체지방율을 계측하고, 아울러 체지방율, 비체중지수 및 비만도를 기준으로 과다체중의 빈도를 검토하였다.체격측정치 가운데 키와 몸무게는 선행 보고 성적보다 큰 편이었는데 이는 조사대상자들의 경제적 및 생활수준과 관계가 있을 가능성도 있는 것으로 추측되었다. 남자에서 체지방율의 평균은 30대 및 40대가 각각 17.5% 및 19.0%였고, 여자에서는 각각 23.9% 및 26.0%였으며 여자 40대는 30대에 비해 유의하게 많았다. 체지방율의 연령에 따른 차이는 남자는 30대초반부터 40대초반까지는 큰 변화가 없다가, 40대 후반에 가서 30대 초반에 비해 유의하게 증가하였으나, 여자에서는 30대후반부터 유의하게 증가하여 대체로 비슷한 상태로 40대 후반까지 유지되었다. 바른체중은 남자에서는 가령에 따라 약간 감소하는 경향이, 그리고 여자에서는 다소 증가하는 경향이 있었으나 남녀에서 다같이 각 연령군간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 따라서 체중과 관련된 비체중지수, 비만도 등의 각 연령군간의 차이는 체지방율의 그것과 유사하였다. 체지방율, 비체중지수, 그리고 비만도를 기준으로 한 과다체중의 빈도는 30 · 40대 남녀 전체에서 약 33-50%나 되었다. 또한 이들 세가시 기준으로 과다체중으로 평가되는 빈도도 성별과 연령군에 따라서는 상당힌 차이가 있었다. 이러한 사실로 보아 과다체중의 기준 자체에도 문제점이 있는 것으로 생각되며 여기에 대해서는 추후의 연구가 절실하다 하겠다. In a total of 325 healthy men and women in their fourth to fifth decade, basic anthropometric measurements and estimation of body fat using skinfold thickness at three sites were made, and the incidence of overweight was studied. On anthropometry, the mean of height and weight was taller and heavier, respectively, than that reported by others, which might be attributable to the high socioeconomic status and living standard of the study subjects. The mean of body fat of the fourth and fifth decades in men was 17.5% and 19.0%, respectively, and that in women was 23.9% and 26.0%, respectively, being significantly higher in women in the fifth decade compared with that in the fourth. The body fat in men remained fairly unchanged until late fourties, when a significant increase compared with that in early thirties was noted. In women, however, a significant increase occurred in late thirties and remained essentially similar until late fourties. The fat free weight showed no significant differences between age groups in both sexes. The age-related changes it parameters reflecting body weight, such as body mass index and obesity index in both sexes were closely related to those in body fat. The incidences of overweight as evaluated by body fat and these indices were unexpectedly high, being as high as approximately 30-50% of the study subjects as a whole. In addition, the incidences by these criteria were also quite dissimilar in certain age groups in both sexes. This suggests that each criterion itself needs further studies.

자연과학편 : 수영선수(水泳選手)의 폐환기기능(肺換氣機能) 및 집중훈련(集中訓練)이 이에 미치는 영향(影響)

최동욱(DongWookChoi),박희명(HiMyungPark),김유문(YuMoonKim),김종석(JongSukKim),김상훈(SangHoonKim),최정윤(JungYoonChoi),정태훈(TaeHoonJung) 한국체육학회 1991 한국체육학회지 Vol.30 No.1

수영선수와 비선수의 환기 기능의 차이와 선수에서 7-9주 동안의 집중훈련이 환기 기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 평균 선수경력이 5.7년인 여자 중 · 고등학교 선수 22명과 비선수(대조군) 22명에서 VC와 FEV 및 MEFV곡선에서 계측한 여러 지표의 성적을 비교 검토하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다.선수에서는 VC를 비롯하여, 용량 또는 기류속도를 반영하는 노력의존성지표(FEV_(1&2), FEF_(200-1200), MVV, PEF, FEF25%)의 성적이 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가되어 있었으나, 노력비의존성지표(FEF25-75%, FEF50%, FEF75%)의 성적은 대조군과 큰 차이가 없었으며, 노력의존성지표의 성적도 FVC로 용량교정하면 양군간의 차이가 유의하지 않게 되었다. 한편 선수군에서 집중훈련 전후의 환기 기능에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이런 사실로 보아 수영선수에서 보는 VC의 증가와 환기 기능의 향상은 주로 호흡근력의 증가로써 초래되고 이는 장기간에 걸친 훈련으로 이루어지며 단기간의 집중훈련으로 더욱 향상되지는 않는 것으로 생각된다. In studying the pulmonary ventilatory function in competitive swimmers with a mean age of 15.2 years, differences were determined between swimmers and controls. In addition the effects of short-term(7-9 weeks) intensive training on the swimmers were observed. The study groups consisted of 22 female swimmers with a mean career of 5.7 years and 22 matched controls. The ventilatory parameters studied were those obtained by the analyses of simultaneously recorded forced expiratory volume and maximal expiratory flow-volume curves, as well as spirometric measurements of VC and MVV. In the swimmers, VC and observed values of effort-dependent ventilatory parameters, such as MVV, FEV_1&2, FEF200-1200, PEF and FEF25%, were significantly higher than those in the controls. However, when these values were volume-adjusted to FVC, the differences became insignificant. Moreover, the observed values of effort-independent flow parameters, such as FEF25-75%, FEF50% and FEF25%, also showed no significant differences between the two groups. These facts suggest that the enhanced ventilatory function and increased VC in competitive swimmers are primarily due to an increase in respiratory muscle strength obtained by a long period of training, and short-term intensive training has no significant effects on the improvement of ventilatory function.

자연과학편 : 건강한 성인(成人)의 체력 평가기준

김기학(KiHackKim),박정화(JungHwaPark),최종호(JongHoChoi),강영수(YoungSooKang),박희명(HiMyungPark),김유문(YuMoonKim),김종석(JongSukKim) 한국체육학회 1995 한국체육학회지 Vol.34 No.3

The purpose of this study was the evaluation of adult physical fitness and the establishment of evaluation criterion for healthy adults. Healthy 845 male and 645 female subjects, who participated in general physical fitness test and physical examination in the Sports Science Institute of Taegu Yu-Sung Sports plaza, were assigned to one of four groups: 1) men under 40 years old(MU); 2) men over 40 years old(MO); 3) women under 40 years old(WU); or 4) Women over 40 years old (WO). Height and body weight were measured and ten test items for the physical fitness were determined. The correlation matrix was made from 10 variables for physical fitness. The principal component analysis was applied to the correlation matrix to yield the unrotated factor pattern matrix. The rotation of factor axis through Normal Varimax Criterion was executed in order to yield the simple structure of factors. Consequently, the orthogonal multi-factor solution was yielded and the factors were identified. therefore, the regression equation and the test battery were made from factor analysis and the evaluation criterion for test battery was developed.The results of this study were summarized as follows ;1. MO body weight and WO trunk flexion were slightly reduced in comparison to MU body weight and WU trunk flexion, respectively, but the difference were not statistically significant at 0.05 level. Expect these items, the results of the other physical fitness test were significantly lower in MO and WO groups than in MU and WU groups.2. The results of trunk extension and reaction time were not significantly different between male and female groups, but the results of trunk flexion in female groups were significantly greater than those in male groups. Expect these items, the results of the others were significantly greater in male groups than in female groups.3. The physical fitness of healthy adults consists of the five factors: 1) cardiovascular endurance, 2) agility(balance-agility in MO), 3) flexibility, 4) balance(power in WL;), and 5) strength (power-static strength in MO).4. In order to measure the extracted and identified factors, the regression equation of each factors was yielded. It was complicate to understand this regression equation which consisted of the standard score, therefore, the mean and standard deviation produced from the raw score were applied to the equation in order to represent the variable score.5. The test battery consists of maximal oxygen consumption, reaction time, trunk flexion, closed eye balance, and back strength. Because the relationships between these test items were very poor, the each variable score was strongly reliable for the representative of each physical fitness area.6. Physical fitness was diagnosed from the test battery for each group. The score criterion by C-scale was established and the evaluation scale for total score consists of the 5 levels.