55세 이상 무지외반증 환자의 근위부 절골술을 이용한 치료

박한성,박형택,이군식,김상효,이경태,Park, Han-Sung,Park, Hyung-Taek,Lee, Ghun-Shik,Kim, Sang-Hyo,Lee, Kyung-Tai 대한족부족관절학회 2005 대한족부족관절학회지 Vol.9 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of our report was to evaluate the result of operative treatment of hallux valgus in old age patients. Materials and Methods: We studied about the clinical & radiologic results of the 31 patients over 55 years old, who had operative treatment of hallux valgus. Clinical evaluation, such as pain, activity limitation, footwear requirement, 1st metatarsophalangeal joint motion, and callosity, was done using AOFAS scale and preoperative and postoperative radiologic parameters, such as hallux valgus angle, intermetatarsal angle, tibial sesamoid position, 1st metatarsal shortening, were evaluated by conventional methods. Results: Objectively, according to AOFAS, the score improved from average of 57.8 to 71.5 postoperatively. The range of motion of first metatarsophalangeal joint was decreased from average of 60.7 to 56.8 degrees. Radiologically, the hallux valgus angle improved from average of 35 to 6.5 degrees and the first intermetatarsal angle improved from average of 14.2 to 4.4 degrees. The position of sesamoid was collected from an average of grade 3.6 to grade 2.2. Conclusion: The combination of proximal metatarsal osteotomy, distal soft tissue procedure and Akin osteotomy may yield rather satisfactory clinacal result in severe elderly hallux valgus patients with massive degenerative change and poor soft tissue condition.

잉크젯용 고농도 은 나노 졸 합성

박한성,서동수,최영민,장현주,공기정,이정오,류병환,Park, Han-Sung,Seo, Dong-Soo,Choi, Youngmin,Chang, Hyunjoo,Kong, Ki-Jeong,Lee, Jung-O,Ryu, Beyong-Hwan 한국세라믹학회 2004 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.41 No.9

플라즈마 디스플레이(Plasma Display Panel)의 도전성 전극 성형에 필요한 잉크젯용 은 나노 졸을 합성하고자, 액상 환원법에 의해 고농도의 은 나노 졸의 입자크기 및 입도분포와 분산성을 제어하였다 이를 위하여 생성된 입자에 분산성을 부여하는 고분자 전해질의 착체형성 비율과 함께 은 나노 졸의 고농도화를 진행하였다. 합성된 졸은 XRD, 입도분포측정기, TEM을 사용하여 상분석 및 입자의 크기와 형상을 관찰하였다 그 결과 분산성이 우수하고, 약 10nm의 입자크기를 갖는 은 나노 졸인 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 10-40wt% 범위의 고농도 은 나노 졸을 합성할 수 있었다. The synthesis of highly concentrated silver nano sol assisted by polymeric dispersant (polyelectrolytes) for inkjet method was studied. The silver nano sol was prepared with AgNO$_3$, polyelectrolytes (HS5468cf ; polyacrylic ammonium salt), and reducing agent. The polyelectrolytes play an important role in formation of complex composed of Ag$\^$+/ion and carboxyl group (COO$\^$-/), result in preparation of highly dispersed silver nano particles. The optimization of added amount of polyelectrolytes, and concentration of silver nano sol was studied. The silver nanoparticles were evaluated by XRD, particle size/zeta potential analyzer and FE-TEM. The silver nanoparticles with the range of 10 nm in diameter were produced. The concentration of batch-synthesized silver nano sol was possible up to 40 wt%.

종류주식의 유형 및 개선방안에 관한 연구

박한성 ( Park Han-sung ) 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2012 외법논집 Vol.36 No.4

There was 2006 and 2008 Revision Draft to Korean Commercial Code for the revision draft for the class of shares as we saw, but a portion has been dropped or not even submitted to the National Assembly. However, because of the government’s ongoing efforts, National Assembly has passed after six years “The company act of the commercial law” on March 11, 2011 and the amendment (Law No. 10,600) was performed from April 15, 2012. But the amendment on class of shares was limited in a total five kinds of the class of shares(class of shares profit distibution, class of shares of distribution remaining asset, class of shares of non-voting or limited votes, classes of shares of redemption, class of shares of convertibility), the class of shares of transfer restrictions in amendments to ‘2008’ was deleted and the remaining shares were introduced in the revised Commercial Code. From the perspective of companies, if the various interested parties claim in their own interests the development of enterprises will inhibit. It is expected that the introduction of various types of stock gives deregulation for businesses and elasticity for efficient operation.

종류주식활용에 따른 주주평등원칙의 재조명

박한성 ( Park Han-sung ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2017 법학논총 Vol.41 No.3

주주평등의 원칙이란 회사의 동일한 사정 하에 모든 주주를 동등하게 대우함과 동시에, 자의적인 차별행위를 하지 않을 것을 말한다. 그러나 상법상 명확히 명문의 근거가 없는 주주평등원칙이 상법(회사법)의 모든 영역에서 대원칙으로 전제하여 회사법의 모든 영역에 걸쳐 인정하는 것이 타당한 것인지 의문이 제기된다. 특히 문제되는 사안은 위 원칙아래 다양한 종류의 주식을 새롭게 인정할 수 있는지 여부이다. 우리나라의 경우에는 2012년 개정상법(법률제10600호)에 다양한 종류주식을 도입 하였다. 주주평등의 원칙을 마치 강행규정처럼 취급하는 종래의 입장에서는 이러한 종류주식은 위 원칙에 반하는 결론을 도출할 수도 있을 것이다. 현대사회에서 주식회사의 존재감은 매우 중요한 지위에 있고, 사회적 이익에 일조를 담당하고 있는 실정은 부인할 수 없을 것이다. 이러한 주식회사에 있어서의 주주는 다양한 법률관계에 있어서 회사법 전체를 통해 관철되고 있는 중심축의 하나인 ‘주주평등의 원칙’이라고 본다. 우리상법상 ‘주주평등의 원칙’에 대한 일반규정은 존재하지 않지만, ‘주주평등의 원칙’에 대한 개별규정들은 존재하고 있기 때문에, ‘주주평등의 원칙’을 우리 회사법상의 일반원리로 이해하는데 거의 이견은 없다고 본다. 또한 현재의 기업 분위기는 기업경영의 효율화, 기업가치의 향상을 위한 기업경영권시장의 활성화를 도모하기 위하여 모든 초점을 맞추고 있다고 해도 과언은 아닐 것이다. 특히 방어수단도입 시에 발생할 수 있는 기업매수자에 대한 차별적 취급과 관련하여 ‘주주평등의 원칙’이 문제가 될 수 있고, 종류주식이 적대적 M&A 방어수단으로 기대되고 있는 상황에서 종류주식과 주주평등의 원칙에 대해 검토할 필요성도 제기된다. 또한, 회사가 다양한 형태의 종류주식을 발행하는 경우 주주평등은 어떻게 구현되는지가 문제된다. 같은 종류의 주식 상호간에는 비례적 평등의 원칙이 적용되나, 서로 상이한 종류주식 상호간에는 비례적 평등의 원칙이 적용되지 않는다. 종류주식이 현행상법상 규정되었지만, 주식의 종류와 특수한 정함의 기준을 정해야 하고, 각각의 종류주식의 특성을 감안한 합리적인 고려가 있어야 한다. 즉, 주주평등원칙의 범주에 포함 할 것인가, 혹은 주주평등원칙의 예외로 판단할 것인지 문제가 된다. 결국, 우리 상법에 있어서 종류주식과 주식평등원칙의 관계를 명확하게 하기 위해서는 일본의 상황을 참고할 만하다. 주식평등원칙을 명문화하면서, 종류주식의 다양화를 실현하고 평등의 이해를 ‘주식의 내용에 따른 평등’과 ‘주식 수’에 따른 평등으로 분리 이해함으로써 다양한 종류주식의 수용을 가능하게 해야 한다. 따라서 종류주식을 주주평등의 원칙에 대한 예외로 규정으로 하기 보다는 실질적 평등이 적용 될 수 있도록 주주평등의 원칙에 포함되어 평등하게 취급되어 할 것이다. ‘Principle of shareholder equality’ implies that the company treats all shareholders equally under the same circumstances without an arbitrary discrimination. However, a feasibility issue is raised about acceptance across all areas of corporation law by premising ‘the equal treatment’ as the highest principle though there is no the statutory form for the Commercial Code. Korea induced a variety of class shares accompanied by the amended commercial code (Act No.10600) in 2011. The conventional position which regard ‘Principle of shareholder equality’ as a mandatory provision might draw a conclusion that class share goes against the principle. Discussion upon the use of class shares as a defensive measures against hostile Mergers and Acquisitions(M&A) is dissimilar in the type of share. Treating the shareholders differently does not contradict ‘Principle of shareholder equality’ because it does not impose any burden except voting restriction on the hostile vendee. Other perspective also insists the principle is proper with the regard of less impact on the common shareholders. Although the type of share does not run counter to the principle, but there is still room for further review as the possibility of violation in treatment on the shareholders might exist in terms of concrete operations. Needless to say, even if the rationality is conceded as an exception to the principle, we need to be careful as impossible as the chance to make frame of the principle is excluded. Meanwhile, a stock company is undoubtedly in charge of playing an important role in the modern society. Shareholders of the corporation regard ‘Principle of shareholder equality’ as one of the central axis penetrated through the entire corporation law among various legal relations. According to our business law, this principle can be recognized as the general principle of company law as its individual regulations are remaining despite nonexistence of ordinary provisions, In addition, the current company atmosphere focuses on the activation and efficiency of the market for corporate management and the improvement of corporate value. Review on the class share and the principle is necessary yet. The class share can be expected as the defense against hostile M&A and the discriminatory treatment to the corporate buyers may occur as a problem. With the need to reconsider the principle in accordance with the use of class share, this study will suggest the appropriate standards and legal policy directions when it comes to applying the principle to the further financial structure in Korean companies.

상법상 준법지원인제도의 개선방안

박한성 ( Park Han-sung ) 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2014 외법논집 Vol.38 No.4

Compliance control and compliance officer system was revised on April 14, 2011 and has been enforced since April 15, 2012. According to the new commercial law, many companies have argued there are currently audit function already in place which overlap with compliance control, compliance officer system, and that the implementation of the new systems increases the economic burden on the relevant companies. The purpose of this thesis is to find out the problems to be improved for raising effectiveness by searching compliance officer system in commercial law and to search the solution. This thesis suggests some ways how this system operates effectively. First, compliance control and compliance officer system should be introduced to the listed companies followed their scales. Second, it gives the company which adopt this system and reasonably design, implement, and enforce a positive incentive. Third, the range of compliance offer is not determined on law. I suggest that the requirement person who has sufficient knowledge and experience. And also, voluntary participation of companies which are not included the mandatory company can be expected. In conclusion, I think that the continuous study is needed to minimize the problems about compliance officer system through more review by preparing to the revision of commercial law.

신주인수선택권(포이즌필)의 도입에 관한 법적 고찰

박한성(Han-Sung Park) 한국기업법학회 2012 企業法硏究 Vol.26 No.4

In recent years, we have discussed what to introduce various defensive tactics with our being conscious that defenses against hostile M&A is not enough in korea. Above all, the Ministry of Justice of the ‘2010 draft amendments to the Commercial Code to the public’ which are intented to adopt a poison pill against hostile M&A. According to the draft amendment, a poison pill can be used only in the instance where the issuance of warrants are written into the articles of incorporation and the board of directors can decide whether to grant warrants to existing shareholders. So Korean business circle is strongly arguing for the introduction for the poison pill. Poison pill is regarded as on of the most efficient defenses, in terms of minimizing social costs associated with defensive tactics. Poison pill will work only when destructing hostile takeover happens against shareholders intentions, shareholders will have no limits on judging and change the incompetent management through general meeting of shareholders, even though opponents are afraid that new regulation is vulnerable to be misused and abused by management and major shareholders for their own interest. The introduction of ‘Poison pill’ will change the capital flow from excessive purchase for protecting management rights and misusing of capital for reserving cash to the productive investment, so it will help vitalize our economy eventually.

최소 절개 수술 기법으로 시행한 고정형 슬관절 전치환술에서 발생한 경골 삽입물의 탈구 -증례 보고-

박한성 ( Han Sung Park ),서무삼 ( Moo Sam Suh ),박형택 ( Hyang Taek Park ),최선진 ( Sun Jin Choi ),박종훈 ( Jong Hun Park ) 대한슬관절학회 2007 대한슬관절학회지 Vol.19 No.2

‘방어적 주식’에 대한 소고(小考) - 방어수단 및 기업유형별 도입을 중심으로 -

박한성 ( Park Han Sung ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2019 법학논총 Vol.43 No.2

‘2012년 개정상법’에서는 ‘5종의 종류주식’을 도입하였다. 이러한 종류주식 중 적대적 M&A로부터 기업의 경영권을 보호할 수 있는 방어수단으로써 활용될 수 있는 주식으로 먼저, 의결권제한에 관한 종류주식, 상환에 관한 종류주식 및 전환사유부 종류주식이 해당될 것으로 예상된다. 종류주식이 도입은 되었지만, 아직까지 도입된 종류주식으로 적대적 M&A에 대한 방어수단으로서 활용된 사례는 없다. 의결권제한에 관한 종류주식은 방어수단으로서 그 활용도가 높을 것으로 예상되지만 반면 상환에 관한 종류주식에는 그 활용성이 불완전하다. 예컨대, 방어수단으로 활용될 다양한 형태의 종류주식으로 조합되어야 하지만, 상환에 관한 종류주식의 경우에는 몇 가지 제약들이 따르고 있다. 상환할 수 있는 종류주식의 수는 한정되기 때문에 활용도가 저조할 것으로 본다. 여러 주요국(미국, 영국, 일본, 프랑스 등)에서는 다양한 형태의 종류주식을 도입하여 기업의 자금을 조달하고 있다. 무엇보다 이러한 종류주식은 기업의 경영권 방어에 효과적인 역할을 해왔다. 따라서 국내 우리기업들은 경영권 방어수단에 있어서 매우 제한적인 환경 속에 있다. 따라서 급변하는 글로벌 경제와 국제적 경쟁력 제고를 위하여 현행 상법에 도입된 종류주식보다 더욱 다양한 형태의 방어적 주식의 도입에 대한 검토가 필요한 적절한 시기가 되었다. 이러한 상황에 맞게 국회는 상법일부개정안(의안법호 : 9977)이 발의한 상태이다. 개정안에는 차등의결권주식, 거부권부종류주식, 임원 선·해임권부종류주식, 신주인수선택권 등을 도입하고, 적대적 M&A 상황에 대비한 공격법제 및 방어법제 사이의 균형이 이루어지도록 매수자와 대상자의 공정한 경쟁 보장과 함께 방어수단의 부재로 인한 기업 역량의 낭비를 방지하고자 하였다. 향후 경영권 방어에 필요한 다양한 방어적 주식에 대한 특징을 살펴봄과 동시에, 기업유형별로 도입과제를 검토해 봄으로써, 기업하기 좋은 적합한 환경을 모색할 수 있는 기대효과를 도출해 보고자 한다. ‘Revision of Commercial code 2012’ introduced the ‘Five classes of share’. Among these types of shares, which can be used as a defense against management rights from hostile M&As, are expected to include classes of share with regard to voting rights restrictions, classes of share with respect to redemption and classes of convertible shares. Although classes of share have been introduced, there has been no case of them being used as a defense against hostile M&As. Classes of share on voting rights are expected to be highly utilized as a defense mechanism, but shares on the class of redemption are incomplete. For example, classes of share should be aggregated into various types of shares that will be used as a defense mechanism, but there are a number of restrictions when it comes to the class of redemption. Because the number of shares that can be redeemed is limited, the utilization is expected to be low. Several major countries (such as the United States, Britain, Japan, France, etc.) have introduced various classes of share to raise funds for their enterprises, and above all, these classes of share have played an effective role in defending the management control of the enterprises. Therefore, Korean companies are in a very limited environment in the defense mechanism of management rights. Thus, it was the right time to reconsider the introduction of defensive share in a more diverse form than those introduced in the current commercial law to enhance the rapidly changing global economy and international competitiveness. By checking the characteristics of various defensive share needed to defend management rights in the future, and by reviewing the introduction tasks for each type of business, I am going to try to derive the expected effects to find a suitable environment for business.

집중투표제 의무화에 대한 소고(小考)

박한성 ( Park¸ Han Sung ) 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2020 외법논집 Vol.44 No.4

우리나라의 경우 IMF(외환위기) 이후 기업경영의 투명성과 합리성을 도모하고, 소수주주 보호 및 기업지배구조 개선 차원에서 1998년 12월 28일 상법개정에서 처음으로 이사선임 시 집중투표제를 선택적으로 도입하였다. 집중투표제가 화제가 된 계기는 기업지배구조의 핵심적 구조를 이루는 이사를 선임하기 때문이다. 집중투표제에 따라 이사를 선임할 경우 지배주주의 영향력 아래에 있는 이사들이 이사회에 소수주주들의 이익을 대변할 수 있는 이사를 선임할 수 있고 무엇보다 기업경영을 투명하게 할 수 있다. 상법에서는 집중투표제를 선택할 수 있으나, 정관에 달리 정할 경우 집중투표제를 채택하지 않을 수 있다. 따라서 회사가 정관변경을 통해 집중투표제를 도입하지 않을 수도 있다. 이러한 점을 감안하여 개정상법안(2013년, 2016년, 2020년 7월)에서는 의무화로 개정하고자 하였다. 그러나 경제민주화를 위하여 이러한 집중투표제의 의무화에 대하여 찬성하는 견해와 반대하는 견해가 첨예하게 대립하게 된다. 현행법상 집중투표제를 임의적인 선택제로 규정하고 있는 사항을 의무사항으로 규정할 경우 지배주주들의 이사선임에 대한 독점적 현상을 개선하고, 기업의 투명성을 제고할 수 있을 것이다. 하지만 찬반의 견해가 첨예하게 대립하는 가운데 어떠한 환경에서든 ‘기업을 하기 좋은 환경’을 위한 법으로 개정이 이루어져야 한다. 집중투표제의 의무화는 소수주주들이 이사회에서 의사를 표시할 수 있는 기회가 제공되고 회사의 제반 상황에 대하여 많은 정보를 획득할 수 있어서 경영진의 경영활동에 대한 감시기능을 더 확보할 수 있다고 하여도 의무화에 따른 법 개정은 심사숙고되어야 할 것이다. 본고에서는 집중투표제의 활용현황과 제도상 문제점을 살펴보고, 주요국의 상황을 파악하여 2020년 개정안을 검토한 후 우리나라에 적합한 집중투표제 의무화에 대한 합리적 방안을 모색해 보고자 한다. In the case of South Korea, the cumulative voting system in the selection of directors was introduced for the first time in the revision of the Commercial Law on December 28, 1998 to promote transparency and rationality of corporate management and to protect minority shareholders and improve corporate governance after the IMF (International Monetary Fund). The reason why the cumulative voting system has become a hot topic is that it appoints directors who form a core structure of corporate governance. If directors are appointed under the cumulative voting system, directors under the influence of controlling shareholders can appoint directors who can represent the benefits of minority shareholders, and, above all, can make corporate management transparent. A cumulative voting system can be chosen under the Commercial Law, but if the articles of association are set differently, an intensive voting system may not be adopted. Therefore, a company may not introduce a cumulative voting system by changing the articles of association. Taking this into account, the revised Commercial Law (2013, 2016 and July 2020) intended to revise a cumulative voting system as mandatory. However, for the economic democratization, there has been a sharp conflict between those who support and those who oppose the mandatory cumulative voting system. If the cumulative voting system, which is defined as an arbitrary option by current law, defined as a mandatory option, it will improve the monopolistic phenomenon of controlling shareholders’ appointment of board members and enhance corporate transparency as well. However, in the situation of sharp disagreements between pros and cons, the revision should be made into a law for “business-friendly environment” in any environment. Even if the compulsory enforcement of cumulative voting system provides minority shareholders with the opportunity to express their opinions at the board of directors, and secures more monitoring functions for management’s management activities by obtaining a lot of information about the company’s various situations, the revision of the law about the mandatory voting system should be pondered. This study will examine the current status of the use of the cumulative voting system and the institutional problems, and review the amendment of 2020. As a way to improve the amendment, we will consider the plan for the compulsory enforcement of cumulative voting system suitable for our country through considering stricter requirements for the appointment of directors and stricter regulations on means of avoidance.

연구논문 : 적대적 M&A 방어행위에 대한 적법성 판단기준

박한성 ( Han Sung Park ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2014 법학논총 Vol.38 No.2

The possibilities and incentives of M&A are being raised by the improvedmerger system on the revised commercial code in 2011 in the current M&A environment of Korea regardless of they are friendly or hostile. For example, they are the introduction of cash-out merger (revised commercial code article 523 section 4), freeze-out (revised commercial code article 360 section 24) and triangular merger (revised commercial code article 532 section 2). In particular, cash-out merger can act as incentives to activate M & A because the largest shareholder can merge without diluting their shares when it is most important issue to secure shareholding. It could be used as a variety of means against hostile M&A to allow cash-out merger and triangular merger for the maximization of corporate synergies and efficient restructuring. Therefore, the problem could be legality standards for defense act against hostile M&A due to activation of hostile M&A. Until now, the mainstream of precedent is to guarantee mainly the right of management through the classification of purposes. Of course, for such reason it is not legality standards that the purpose of the management is denied or to conclude uniformly as the issue of significantly unfair way. On the other hand, with regard to the legality standards for defense act against hostile M&A, it is also worth considering adopting the legality standards in the legislative aspects. There is a variety of interests and are complex transactions. And the reality of hostile M&A can have a huge impact on the national economy. In this respect it can be a way to resolve the current situation surrounding legitimacy criteria. Korea can also judge the legality of defensive actions especially based on Unocal standard in the United States mentioned earlier. Although the rationality and proportionality of Unocal standard shows abstract judgment criteria, it will be standard that we can consider enough destination company’s overall considerations relating to a power struggle. However, there are the abuse of rights or destructive corporate M&A attempt, improvement of corporate governance according to the exit of incompetent executives and etc. Those will be an important future challenges need to be solved.