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朴在德 中央醫學社 1940 中央醫學 Vol.9 No.5
It has already been recognized that cold antibody is one of the important sources of error in blood grouping. Cold antibodies are so powerful that it is impossible to perform ABO grouping except at body temperature or even at higher than body temperature, when the patient's serum is cross-matched against the bloods of prospective donors for the purpose of blood transfusion since serum containing of the cold antibody can clump any human blood. Little had been added to our understanding of cold antibodies since Landsteiner, in 1903, gave the first adequate description of the phenomenon in animals. The serologic characteristics distinguishing cold antibody from other types of antibody' has well established and may be summarized as follows; 1) Agglutination of red cells by serum containing cold antibody can be demonstrated best between 0-6°C., and practically never at 37?C. 2) The agglutination may be reversed by warming at 37°C., and reappears on cooling. This process may be repeated without apparent damage to the red cells. 3) Antibody can be exhausted by repeated absorption in cold and released by rewarming. 4) The cold antibody is not inactivated by heating to 56?C. for 30 minutes., 5) The antibody survives in cold storage with only slight decrease in strength for periods ranging from 3 weeks to one year or more. 6) The antibody is active against human red cells of any human red cells of any group and against animal cells of many unrelated species. But, the occurrence of cold antibodies in normal healthy human beings has not been studied thoroughly. On the other hand, the association of cold antibodies with a variety of clinical conditions has been the subject of numerous reports. From the literature it appears that cold antibodies are found with a high degree of frequency only in primary atypical pneumonia and in trypanosomiasis, although pathogenetic relationship has not been established. The presence of cold antibodies in various types of acquired hemolytic anemia has been widely reported, but the diversity of hematologic pictures and the infrequency of occurrence of cold antibodies make analysis of the relationship difficult. Complicated instances are the occurrence of cold antibodies along with irregular cold iso-antibodies, or serum giving both strong pseudoagglutination and autoagglutination. According to Landsteiner's rule those irregular cold autoantibodies are present in the serum for which the corresponding agglutinogens are absent from the cells. While the occurrence of irregular iso-antibodies in normal human sera has been known for a long time, the first systematic studies were made by Landsteiner and Levine, and by Thomsen. The fact that among normal individuals, irregular iso-antibodies, when present at all, are weak and usually act only in the cold, has caused some to confuse them with the non-specific cold antibodies, which also act best in the cold and which are often present in the same sera. Despite the close association and overlapping between the two sorts of antibodies, a distinction can often be made because typical autoagglutinins react about equally well with all human bloods, while the cold iso-agglutinins act only most intensely on certain bloods, and the latter can usually be separated by suitable absorption. In the present study an attempt is made to know the distribution of potent cold antibodies in healthy donors and in patients and to study the characteristics of cold antibodies. The results are summarized as follows: 1. 19 cases or 0. 28%a in a series of 6,814 patient's blood samples exhibited auto-agglutination at room temperature. 2. 16 cases or 0. 11% in a series of 12,602 professional donors showed the presence of cold antibodies at room temperature. 3. On the other hand, titers of 6 cases among 11 atypical pneumonia were 64 units or higher than that units. 4. In winter time, the high incidence of potent cold antibodies were found in this study. 5. Incomplete antibodies were recognized by studying the characteristics. Incomplete antibodies appeared to be not easily eluted from the cells at 37?C. In carrying out Coombs test in such cases, therefore, cells and serum was warmed to 37° C. or higher than 37?C. . The most powerful cold antibodies required 6 absorptions with equal volumes of the donor's or patient's own cells before it was sufficiently weakened for further testing to be feasible. 6. Author experienced a few interesting cases whose sera reacted as direct Coombs positive as well as Cardiolipin positive and showed high cold antibody titers with the character of incomplete cold antibodies. 7. It was appeared that cold antibodies has the electrophoretic mobility of gamma globulin. 8. Author experienced each one case of a1 and a2 specific irregular cold antibody.
Tumor-originated pH-responsive nanovaccine mixture to treat heterogeneous tumors
박재덕,이은솔,Lee Eun Seong 한국약제학회 2022 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.52 No.6
Purpose This study was aimed to develop a tumor-originated extracellular vesicle (EV)-based vaccine mixture with a pHresponsive ability to treat various tumors. Methods The EVs vaccine mixture consisted of different EVs (MEVs extracted from MDA-MB-231 tumor cells and HEVs extracted from HepG2 tumor cells) encoded with a pH-responsive moiety (HDEA), Toll-like receptor 4 ligand (TLR4), and tumor-targeting vaccine antigen (MUC1 antigen for targeting MDA-MB-231 cells and WT1 antigen for targeting HepG2 cells) using the sonication. The physicochemical properties and in vitro/in vivo antitumor efficacy of the developed EVs mixture were characterized. Results The EVs vaccine mixtures were efficiently internalized to dendritic cells (DCs) via hyaluronic acid (HA)-mediated CD44 receptor binding and TLR4-mediated signaling on the DCs surface. In particular, the internalized EVs vaccine mixture released MUC1 and WT1 antigens by HDEA-mediated vesicle destabilization at acidic endosomal pH, resulting in increasing the antitumor effect on both MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 tumor cells. Conclusion We demonstrated the antitumor activity of EVs vaccine mixture in in vitro/in vivo tumor model studies. These results indicate that EVs vaccine mixture can provide an effective immunotherapy strategy for heterogeneous tumors.
스펙클 이미지의 푸리에 공간 분석을 통한 결맞음 빔결합 상태 모니터링 변수 도출
박재덕,최윤진,염동일 한국광학회 2020 한국광학회지 Vol.31 No.6
We analyze the characteristics of the coherent beam combination of lasers by monitoring the speckle pattern of the beam reflected from a scattering medium. Three collimated laser sources with high coherence are focused on a scattering target using a lens, and we then examine the speckle pattern of the returned beam in the Fourier domain. We observe that the size of the speckle pattern changes, depending on the focused-beam size or degree of spatial overlap of the three beams. Furthermore, through Fourier-domain analysis of the speckle pattern we obtain the monitoring variable to qualify the efficiency of the coherent beam combination.