『다와레구사(たはれ草)』의 ‘훈언(訓言)’ 소고 ―위정자에 대한 기대와 경계를 중심으로―

金錦善 한국일본문화학회 2021 日本文化學報 Vol.- No.89

This study primarily focuses on the expression of admonitions of 『Dawaregusa』. The study found that Amenomori Hoshu has the following expectations and recommendations concerning politicians. First, he explained that the relationship between men and women should be chaste to protect public morals. Second, the government should not waste wealth because it is the foundation of the nation, and a prohibition on excessive luxury is the essence of administration. Therefore, he insisted that the government should ban the sale of luxurious goods and services to protect the social order. Third, politicians must make wise judgments by humbly accepting admonitions to correct their own wrongdoings. Fourth, it is important to enact proper laws through legal and customs-related admonitions, but the right person to implement them is needed. Also, he insists that the government should execute laws reflecting the need of the times and national trends. Fifth, according to his advice related to agriculture or land, agriculture is the root of the community and lies at the heart of state governance. Therefore, he emphasized that agriculture should always remain the top priority. As described above, there are five aspects to Hoshu's arguments about politicians. These five points of advice can have great implications for present-day politicians as well.

V_2O_5가 고용된 Karrooite계의 Brown색 안료합성과 특성

김금선,이병하 한국세라믹학회 2011 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.48 No.4

V_2O_5-doped Karrooite pigments were synthesized by the solid state method to get stabilized brown pigment in oxidation and reduction atmosphere. Optimum substitution condition and limited dopant with V_2O_5 for .Karrooite pigment was investigated. With calcination at 1250 ℃~1400℃, compositions were designed varying V_2O_5 molar ratio by increasing 0.02mole to the formula Mg_1-xTi_2-xM_(2x)O_5 (x = 0.01~0.09 mole). Synthesized pigments were analyzed by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and UV-vis. When V_2O_5 was doped from 0.01 to 0.05 mole, single phase of Karrooite was observed at temperature 1300℃ and soaking time 4h by Raman spectroscopy. However, it was found that excess VO_2 peak appeared with 0.07 and 0.09 mole of V_2O_5 doped to MgTi_2O_5. This result indicated that the maximum limit of solid solution is 0.05 mole V_2O_5. Karrooite pigments were applied as a ceramic pigment to achieve brown colors in lime magnesia glaze and lime barium graze at both of oxidation and reduction atmosphere. CIE color coordinates are L^* = 40.34, a^* = 9.94, b^* = 21.40 in lime magnesia glaze.

『다와레구사(たはれ草)』에 나타난 아메노모리 호슈(雨森芳洲)의 ‘리(理)’

金錦善 일본어문학회 2020 일본어문학 Vol.90 No.-

In this study, we pay special attention to the expressions of “reason” employed in Tawaregusa to analyze the ways in which these expressions are used to represent learning, politics, language, and culture. Our main findings are as follows. Firstly, Hoshu Amenomori expounded the concept of “格物致知”(the principle of pursuing the reason and nature of things and leading to the understanding of them), its underlying reasons of “knowledge” and “practice,” the right of Tadataka, and the right of understanding in learning. Secondly, About politics, Hoshu emphasized the importance of “the Three Essential Virtues” consisting of “justice,” “clarity,” and “martial arts” by discussing “the Three Sacred Treasures”. Also, he stated that politics should be conducted not by scholars but by wise politicians. Thirdly, he stated that the language of each country emerges from the reason of nature, and also pointed out the three difficulties concerning the learning of the Chinese language, which reveals his linguistic erudition. Fourthly, he discussed culture, raising his concerns about the nation and households based on the “falling cherry blossom” reason of nature and taking music and poem as examples to expound the reason of nature and the necessity of conforming to the state-of-affairs of the country and the era. These points clearly indicate Hoshu’s recognition of diverse cultures.

Ni-Doped Hibonite 파란색 안료의 합성과 발색기구

김금선,이병하,Kim, Gumsun,Lee, Byung-Ha 한국재료학회 2014 한국재료학회지 Vol.24 No.1

NiO-doped hibonite pigments were synthesized by the solid state method to get stabilized blue color pigment in both oxidation and reduction atmospheres. Optimum substitution condition with NiO for hibonite blue pigment was investigated. Experimental results were comparable to those of previous cobalt-minimization studies performed with other phosphate- or oxide-based cobalt-containing ceramic pigments (having olivine ($Co_2SiO_4$), spinel ($CoAl_2O_4$), or with co-doped willemite ($(Co,Zn)_2SiO_4$) structures). Composition was designed varying the NiO molar ratio increasing with $SnO_2$. The optimum substitution content is 0.93 mole NiO with 0.75mole $SnO_2$. The characteristics of the synthesized pigment were analyzed by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and UV-vis. Synthesized pigment was applied to a lime-barium glaze with 10 wt% each and fired at an oxidation atmosphere of $1250^{\circ}C/1h$ and a reducing atmosphere $1240^{\circ}C/1h$. Blue color was obtained with $L^*a^*b^*$ values at 43.39, -6.78, -18.20 under a reducing atmosphere and 41.66, -6.36, -14.7 under and oxidation atmosphere, respectively.

V₂O₅가 고용된 Karrooite계의 Brown색 안료합성과 특성

김금선,이병하,Kim, Gum-Sun,Lee, Byung-Ha 한국세라믹학회 2011 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.48 No.4

[ $V_2O_5$ ]doped Karrooite pigments were synthesized by the solid state method to get stabilized brown pigment in oxidation and reduction atmosphere. Optimum substitution condition and limited dopant with $V_2O_5$ for Karrooite pigment was investigated. With calcination at $1250^{\circ}C{\sim}1400^{\circ}C$, compositions were designed varying $V_2O_5$ molar ratio by increasing 0.02mole to the formula $Mg_1-xTi_2-xM_{2x}O_5$(x = 0.01~0.09 mole). Synthesized pigments were analyzed by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and UV-vis. When $V_2O_5$ was doped from 0.01 to 0.05 mole, single phase of Karrooite was observed at temperature $1300^{\circ}C$ and soaking time 4h by Raman spectroscopy. However, it was found that excess $VO_2$ peak appeared with 0.07 and 0.09 mole of $V_2O_5$ doped to $MgTi_2O_5$. This result indicated that the maximum limit of solid solution is 0.05 mole $V_2O_5$. Karrooite pigments were applied as a ceramic pigment to achieve brown colors in lime magnesia glaze and lime barium graze at both of oxidation and reduction atmosphere. CIE color coordinates are $L^*$ = 40.34, $a^*$ = 9.94, $b^*$ = 21.40 in lime magnesia glaze.

다와레구사(たはれ草)에 나타난 아메노모리 호슈(雨森芳洲)의 ‘도(道)’

金錦善 고려대학교 글로벌일본연구원 2020 일본연구 Vol.34 No.-

“Dawaregusa”, a collection of essays written by Amenomori Hosyu in his later years, is his greatest work, together with “Gissosawa”. On the basis of the use of ‘Tao’ (道) in ‘Dawaregusa’, this article examines the optimal avenues of politics, economics, culture, and science which the author identifies in this work. Firstly, for Hosyu ‘Tao’ is evident in politics in the relation between the sexes, in political methods and countermeasures, and so on. He emphasizes the right way of pursuing a romantic relationship, and discusses the importance of preparing a country or a house for disaster in advance. In addition, the theme of the work is highlighted through his emphasis on the principle that the wise judgment of politicians is important. Secondly, in the essay on the economy, Hosyu explains that there should be a ban on the export of Japanese iron because it is a finite resource, and he also discusses how people should accumulate wealth and use it. The topics of the conservation of resources, thrift and saving, and bans on excessive luxury are also effectively discussed, with Hosyu arguing that if older or younger people gain wealth beyond their needs, they eventually end up wasting money. Thirdly, in his essay on culture, Hosyu emphasizes that the situation of each country or era should be carefully examined because circumstances vary. And his ideas on relativism and diverse worldviews are clearly expressed through his focus on the principle of living together productively and not discriminating on the basis of stereotypes. He argues that there is no inherent superiority or inferiority among people, and that righteousness is achieved by treating everyone equally. Fourthly, in relation to science, Hosyu focuses on the importance of enlightenment and accurate judgment, and also the principle of ensuring the fair administration of justice and of a productive mental attitude. Meanwhile, he argues that the three religions of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism have explained that the fundamental principles or axioms of the world are constant, and this idea corresponds to Juhui’s saying that ‘The world’s logic is one’. 다와레구사는 호슈가 만년에 남긴 수필집으로, 깃소사와와 쌍벽을 이루는 작품이다. 본고는 다와레구사속에 나타난 ‘도(道)’를 통해, 저자가 이 작품 속에서 밝히고자 하는 정치·경제·문화·학문에 관한 도리나 방법을 고찰하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 첫째, 정치에 나타난 ‘도(道)’는 남녀관계, 대비 대책, 정치 방법 등의 서술에서 보이는데, 이를 통하여 올바른 남녀관계의 도리가 강조되었고, 국가나 가정 모두 재앙에 대한 대비를 미리 해두어야 할 필요성이 있으며, 정치는 위정자의 현명한 판단이 중요하다는 도리가 깊이 있게 표현되어 있다. 둘째, 경제에 나타난 ‘도(道)’는 일본의 철은 유한한 자원이기 때문에, 멋대로 채굴하여 외국으로 수출하는 것을 금지해야 한다고 설명하였고, 또 재물을 모으는 방법과 재물을 사용하는 방법에 대해 강조하였다. 그리고 윗사람이나 아랫사람이 도리에 맞지 않게 재물을 모으면, 낭비하게 된다는 도리를 밝히며, 자원 보호, 근검절약, 사치 금지의 주제를 효과적으로 표현하였다. 셋째, 문화에 관한 글에서는, 나라나 시대마다 사정이 다르기에, 그 나라나 그 시대의 추세(勢)를 잘 살펴야 한다는 도리를 강조하였다. 그리고 세상은 함께 사는 것, 고정관념을 가지고 차별해서는 안 된다는 것, 우열 관계가 없다는 것, 모든 이를 평등하게 대하면 인의(仁義)가 행해진다는 도리를 강조하여, 호슈의 상대주의 사상과 세계관이 선명하게 표출되고 있다. 넷째, 학문에 관한 글에서 호슈는 깨달음의 중요성, 정확한 판단의식의 중요성, 권선징악의 도리와 마음가짐을 강조하였다. 한편, 유불선 삼교(三敎)는 판단기준이 다를 뿐, 세상의 이치는 하나라는 도리에 대해 설명하였는데, 이는 주희의 ‘천하의 이치는 하나이다.’라는 말과 일맥상통한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

Changes in two fifth graders’ learner autonomy

김금선 한국초등영어교육학회 2011 초등영어교육 Vol.17 No.1

As the idea of learner autonomy becomes a key feature in the field of language learning, self-access language learning has been focused. It is one approach which has been used to foster autonomy focusing on learner’s independent interaction with resources. This qualitative case study attempts to explore the change in two Korean fifth graders’ learner autonomy while enrolled in the self-access language learning. The research site was English library in the English Center of Han-Kook primary school located in Gangnam, Seoul. Multiple data sources were used: survey, observation, research journals/student reports, and counseling. They engaged in three stages of the self-access language learning program in the summer of 2009: awareness, learner training and counseling. As a result, some positive signs of the participants’ increased learner autonomy were found at later stages of the program. Their autonomous learning actions were well matched to characteristics of an autonomous learner defined by Breen and Mann (1997) and Candy (1991). Several implications to the field of young learner autonomy and Korean English education are discussed.

팝업광고 및 키워드광고의 위법성에 대한 고찰 : 상표법 및 부정경쟁방지법을 중심으로

김금선 서울대학교 기술과법센터 2009 Law & technology Vol.5 No.1

Nowadays, the market for pop-up and keyword advertisements is expanding vigorously. However, the increasing prevalence of pop-up and keyword advertisements has brought with it interesting issues related with trademark infringement and unfair competition because many advertisers take advantage of famous registered trademarks or marks indicating goods or businesses to trigger their pop-up or keyword advertisements on the internet. The most active arguments on this issue are being developed in the United States of America. But the decisions of the U.S. courts are split on the illegality of pop-up and keyword advertisements in terms of the Lanham Act. The Lanham Act requires (i) use of trademark in commerce in a certain way and (ii) likelihood of confusion in determining trademark infringement. The most critical issue is whether those advertisements fall into the concept of‘ use of trademark’under the Lanham Act. Since the Lanham Act defines the forms of the‘ use of mark’and it could not expect the use of trademark in cyber spaces, questions arise whether employment of others’trademarks for internal algorithm to show certain pop-up or keyword advertisements on the internet is included in the scope of the‘ use of mark’under the Lanham Act . Recently, so-called“ the trademark use theory” appeared on the stage and is gaining traction in the U.S.A. The theory criticizes the caselaw focusing on consumer confusion rather than the use of the trademark itself in determining trademark infringement. The theory explains that the ‘use of mark’is a prerequisite requirement of trademark infringement, and therefore it should be reviewed firstly over the consumer confusion requirement. The supporters of the theory stresses that a mark should be used in a way to identify its origins in order to conform to ‘use of mark’under the Lanham Act. Accordingly, they say that use of the others’marks for the pop-up and keywords advertisements does not constitute‘ use of mark’under the Lanham Act as long as the advertisers do not employ the others’marks in their own advertisements because others’marks are not used in a way to identify the advertisers’own goods or services in that case. But if a certain mark regarding pop-up or keyword advertisements is used in a way to identify origins of the relevant advertisers’goods or services and additionally has caused likelihood of confusion, they say that it constitutes trademark infringement. And the related search engines are also likely to be indirectly liable if their business models are developed to promote those infringements. In Korea, there is not much legal discourse on the illegality of pop-up and keyword advertisements compared to the U.S.A. However, recently the Seoul High Court determined that certain software which inserts keyword advertisements in the margins of a web site or replaces the original advertisements does not‘ use’the plaintiff’s business mark and therefore does not constitute unfair competition. Instead, the court concluded that the distributor of the software is liable under the Civil Act because it interfered with the plaintiff’s business unfairly by fee-riding off of the goodwill of the plaintiff. The decision is very interesting because it suggests a way to regulate certain types of internet advertisement, i.e., via prosecution under the Civil Act and might be referred to regulate some pop-up and keyword advertisements. The current Korean trademark law and‘ Unfair Competition Prevention and Trade Secret Protection Act’also require ‘use of mark’in determining trademark infringement and unfair competition. In addition, the Korean trademark law defines the forms of the‘ use of trademark’. However, it is dangerous to stretch the meaning of the ‘use of trademark’because criminal punishment could be inflicted to trademark infringers. It is interpreted that the ‘use of mark’means a certain mark should be used to identify the origins of the relevant goods or services. According to this interpretation, it is difficult to say that pop-up and keyword advertisements are violating the trademark law and the ‘Unfair Competition Prevention and Trade Secret Protection Act’as long as the advertisers do not employ the others’marks in their own advertisements because others’marks are not used to identify the advertisers’own goods or services in that case. But if the advertisers’advertisements interfere with the mark owners’business unfairly by fee-riding off of the goodwill of the mark owners, it could be regulated as a tort under the Civil Act. On the other hands, if a pop-up and keyword advertisement includes others’marks in a way to identify the origins, the advertisements are likely to be regulated by trademark infringement or unfair competition. 정보검색이나 상품 또는 서비스 구매를 위한 현대인들의 인터넷 이용도가 높아지면서, 인터넷을 이용한 다양한 형태의 광고가 나타나고 있다. 이 중 지금까지 가장 활발하게 이용되는 광고가 바로 팝업광고와 키워드광고이다. 인터넷에 팝업광고와 키워드광고를 게재하고자 하는 광고주들은 자신들의 광고가 자주 노출되기를 바라기 때문에, 타인의 등록상표, 타인의 주지(저명한 상품표지 또는 영업표지를 키워드로 구매하거나 이러한 키워드와 관련된 인터넷 공간을 구매하여 팝업광고와 키워드광고를 하고 있다. 검색엔진은 위와 같은 단어 등을 키워드로 판매함으로써 상당한 매출을 올릴 수 있기 때문에 팝업광고와 키워드광고는 다른 광고시장보다 눈부시게 성장하고 있는 상황이다. 그러나 팝업광고 또는 키워드광고와 관련하여 타인의 등록상표 또는 주지(저명한 상품·영업표지를 사용하는 것은 해당 상표권자 등과의 관계에서 크고 작은 분쟁을 야기시키고 있어 이러한 행위가 상표법 및‘부정경쟁방지 및 영업비밀보호에 관한 법률’(이하‘부정경쟁방지법’)을 위반하는 것은 아닌지 문제된다. 팝업광고 및 키워드광고의 상표권 침해 여부 혹은 부정경쟁행위 해당 여부에 대하여 가장 활발한 논의가 이루어지고 있는 곳은 미국이다. 그러나 미국의 법원은 팝업광고 및 키워드광고의 위법성에대하여 서로 엇갈린 판결을 내리고 있어 그에 대한 명확한 결론이 내려지지는 않은 상황이다. 연방상표법은 상표권 침해를 인정하기 위하여 크게 (i) 상표적 사용과 (ii) 혼동가능성이라는 두 가지 요건을 요구하고 있는데, 팝업광고 및 키워드광고의 상표권 침해 등과 관련하여 미국의 법원 및 학자들 사이에서 가장 큰 논란이 되고 있는 쟁점은 팝업광고 및 키워드광고가 미국 연방상표법의 규정상 타인의 상표를‘상표적으로 사용’한 것으로 볼 수 있는가하는 점이다. 이에 대해서 근래 미국에서는 상표권침해 여부를 판단함에 있어 상표권 침해의 결과로서‘수용자의 오인, 혼동가능성’만을 고려하였던 종래의 무분별한 입장을 비판하면서 상표권 침해의 요건으로서‘상표적 사용’이 존재할 것을 먼저 요구하는 한편 그 행위태양을‘상품의 출처를 표시하는 행위’로 엄격히 제한하여 상표권의 부당한 확대를 방지하려는‘상표사용이론’이 대두하였고, 미국에서는 그러한 주장이 다수의 학설과 판례에 의하여 지지를 얻어가고 있는 중이다. 동 이론에 따르면, 상표적 사용에 해당하기 위해서는‘상품 출처 표시’를 목적으로 타인의 상표를 사용하는 것이 전제되어야 하므로, 광고주의 팝업광고나 키워드광고의 내용 자체에 타인의 상표 등이 포함되지 않는 한 팝업광고나 검색엔진과 관련하여 키워드 등이 사용되고 있는 것은‘상품 출처 표시’로서의 사용에 해당하지 아니하여 상표권을 침해한 것으로 볼 수 없다고 한다. 다만, 광고주의 광고 자체에 타인의 상표가 직접적으로 이용되어 광고주의 상품의 출처를 표시하는 방법으로 타인의 상표가 사용되었고 이로 인하여 소비자들에게 혼동가능성을 야기하였다면, 상표권자는 광고주에 대하여 상표권 침해로 인한 책임을 물을 수 있고, 검색엔진 등은 해당 검색엔진의 비즈니스 모델이 상표권 침해를 야기하는 방향으로 개발되었다면 이에 대하여 기여책임을 부담할 수 있다고 한다. 우리나라에서는 아직 팝업광고나 키워드광고의 위법성에 관한 본격적인 논의가 이루어지지 않고 있다. 그러나 최근 서울고등법원은 포털사이트의 키워드광고 검색 결과 최상단에 빈공간(여백)을 적절히 확보하여 새로운 키워드광고를 삽입하거나 기존에 제공되는 광고 내용을 대체하는 등의 프로그램에 대한 가처분이의사건에서, 타인의 영업표지를‘사용’한다고 하기 위해서는 적어도 타인의 영업표지를 행위자 자신의 영업의 출처를 나타내는 방법으로 사용하여야 한다고 설시하였다. 나아가 부정경쟁행위에 대하여 형사처벌이 가능하다는 점에 비추어 볼 때, 사안과 같이 자신의 영업표지와 타인의 영업표지를 함께 나타나게 하는 경우까지 위‘사용’개념을 확장해석 할 수는 없으므로, 문제의 광고방식이 부정경쟁행위에 해당하지 않는다고 판단하였다. 그렇지만 이러한 광고방식은 타인의 저명한 영업표지 등이 가지는 신용에 편승하여 타인의 영업을 방해하는 정도가 상도덕이나 관습에 반하여 공서양속 위반에까지 이를 정도로 불공정하여 위법성이 인정되므로 업무방해로 인한 불법행위책임이 인정된다고 판시하여 자칫 규제의 사각지대에 놓일 수 있는 인터넷 광고 형태를 규제하였는바, 이러한 접근은 팝업광고나 키워드광고의 위법성 판단에 있어서도 참고할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 우리나라의 현행 상표법과 부정경쟁방지법상 상표권 침해행위나 부정경쟁행위를 판단함에 있어서는 타인의 등록상표, 타인의 주지·저명한 상품표지 또는 영업표지를‘사용’할 것이 요구되고, 상표법이나 부정경쟁방지법의 입법목적을 고려할 때 여기서‘사용’이란 특정 상품이나 서비스의 출처를 식별하기 위하여 상표나 표지를 사용하는 것을 의미하

기서 (寄書) : 포교 (布敎)의 진력 (盡力)

김금선 조선불교월보사 1912 朝鮮佛敎月報 Vol.10 No.-

자율학습센터를 활용한 자기주도 언어학습

김금선 한국교육과정평가원 2010 교육과정평가연구 Vol.13 No.3

The study emphasizes the importance of learner autonomy in language learning. Self-access language learning is one approach which has been used to foster autonomy. Focuses on learner's independent interaction with resources, self-access language learning allows learners take an important role in learning. It has also become a key word in the field of Korean English education. However, its manifestation is not clearly understood and how to realize autonomy in practice is controversial. This study attempts to introduce a self-access language learning model based on the literature review(Fisher, McKeand, Hafner, 2008; McCarthy, 2009) and implement it in an elementary school context. It consists of four stages: Awareness raising, learner training, individual learning and evaluating. In the self-access center, learners are expected to take responsibility for their learning and involvement in all decision-making processes such as learning plans, selecting materials and evaluating with help of counselors. Several implications to the field of Korean English education are discussed. It is hoped that this study is able to contribute to enhancing young Korean English learner's autonomy. 학습자 자율성은 성공적인 학습을 위한 중요 요소로, 외국어 교육 분야에서도 그 중요성이 부각되고 있다. 자기주도 언어학습은 학습자 자율성을 신장하는 방안 중 하나로, 학습자가 교육 자원을 활용하여 자율적으로 학습하는 과정을 강조한다. 최근 우리나라 영어교육계에서도 자기주도 언어학습에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있으나 아직 이에 대한 연구는 미비하다. 특히 초등영어교육 현장에서의 활용 방안에 대한 논의는 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 초등영어학습자의 자율성을 신장하는 방안으로 자율학습센터를 활용한 자기주도 언어학습을 제안하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 Fisher, McKeand, Hafner(2008)와 McCarthy(2009)가 제안한 자기주도 언어학습 모델을 기초로 하여 재구성한 프로그램을 소개하였다. 크게 준비, 사전 교육, 개별 학습, 평가 네 단계로 구성되며 각각의 단계에 대한 설명과 활동 예시를 수록하였다. 마지막으로 실제 적용 사례를 바탕으로 운영 시 고려해야 될 점을 논의하고, 초등영어교육에 주는 시사점에 대하여 언급하였다.