광무양안에 나타난 충주군 율지면 남창 마을

강은경(Kang Eun-Kyong) 역사실학회 2010 역사와실학 Vol.42 No.-

This study was tried to analyze the land survey records in the Gwangmu era, Gwangmu Yangan, in order to clarify situation, conditions and changes especially in the Namchang village of Chungjoo-gun. That era was the time to reform the nation, which lead to the modernization and capitalism from the middle ages. Gwangmu Yangan was not only the land survey records but also the documents of population, houses, and social structure in the early 1900's. So it would be the work to explain the course of modernization through the specific case. The Namchang village was included in Yulji-Myun(율지면) of Chungjoo-gun and located within easy reach of water transport. There were installed storages which were kept grain collected by the tax, so the name 'Namchang' means the storage in the south. Chungjoo-gun had several warehouses and the Namchang village was one of them for centuries. Therefore the change of the village would be a typical case. That village was the small one of Chungjoo-gun, small land and a small population, which should be one of the smallest towns. But the land was fertile and the houses were generally on a large scale in the Namchang village. Above all many of the landlords and peasants were not residents of that town. The only 20% of the peasants lived and cultivated farmland and 25% of the landlords lived in that village. Kim Yong-jik was the uppermost class in the landlords of he Namchang village and the next was Yu Chi-gyu. Two landlords had 33% of that village.

고려시대 공문서의 전달체계와 지방행정운영

강은경(Kang Eun-Kyong) 한국사연구회 2003 한국사연구 Vol.122 No.-

This research began with the question of how the government of Goryeo Dynasty implemented its policies toward the local communities, which were broken into several administrative districts. It focused on the official documents because they provided a good indication of how the local administrations were managed. Especially this paper focused on the system of delivering the official documents employed by the local governments in their correspondences with the central government and other local governments so as to be able to identify what were the official work-related duties. How these official documents were delivered provides a good window through which to see how administrative affairs were handled during this period. There exists the well-preserved rule known as the Gongcheopsangtongsikt(公牒相通式), which provides the vital information about how the official documents were sent and received by the central and local governments in the early Goryeo Dynasty. This rule explains how the conversations were carried out between the central government and local governors and governors and government officials. It also introduces the government positions that were authorized to send the official documents to the central government, such as, the Seokyungyusoo(西京留守) and the Byeolmyungsasin(別命使臣), as well as how regulations were implemented. The central governments management of local administrative units was not solely based on the reports of the local governors who resided in provincial areas, but also on those of the Byeolham(別銜). Whenever a local governor or Byeolham sent the official documents to the central government these were received by the Sangseosung(尙書省). The Sangseosung was endowed with the right to make final decisions of important issues, and to inform the local governments of the decisions that had been made. The central government could control and manage the local administrations in large part by the role of the Sangseosung which possessed the right to send the official documents, something that other government departments could not do on their own. As such, the Sangseosung was the department that controlled the overall local administrative system. The method of delivering official documents was eventually institutionalized using the Yeok(驛) system, the name of the road used for the official traffic, which called for all documents to pass through the Cheongkyo(靑郊) station in Gaekyung(開京). Two official methods of packing documents also emerged: the Pigak(皮角) method that used a leather bag to assure the safety of the documents, and the Hyeonryung(懸鈴) method which hang a bell on the bag. The number of the bell indicated how to manage the speed of deliveries. As such, the central governments control of the local administrations was greatly aided by the system of delivering official documents. Moreover, another set of government officials who were called Byeolham also engaged in the exchange of official documents within local administrative districts. As seen from the above, the system used to delivery official documents played an important role in helping the central government to control local governments. The Byeolham emerged as another weapon that could be used by the central government to address local governance issues in conjunction with governors. In addition, the fact that administrative affairs were handled using official documents, known as the Gongcheopsangtongsik, means that the central government did in fact possess an official means of controlling the local governments.

고려시기 공문서 관리체계에서 胥吏의 地位

姜恩景(Kang Eun-Kyong) 역사교육연구회 2004 역사교육 Vol.89 No.-

This research began with the question of what was the position of Seori(胥吏) in the administration of Goryeo Dynasty. Were they only the petty officials who went into business of the administrative organs? It focused on the role of Seori in the record management system, because they took charge of making, arranging and keeping the official documents. It especially would analyze the signature form and the official point of left archives. So it would be expected to find the status of Seori in the bureaucracy of Goryeo. There already existed the officials taking full charge of record management in the early days of founding the state. They were called Sa(史) or Rang(郞), which was found in almost all the administrative bodies. We can discover their names and various signatures in archives today. It means that they didn"t only produce the document, but also took the responsibility of it. The rule of official documents come to be elaborate as the administrative system is equipped well. It is the Gongcheopsangtongsik(公牒相通式) that was the well-preserved rule from the Hyunjong(顯宗, 1009-1031) period to the Munjong(文宗, 1046-1083). It regulated the signature form used in giving and receiving official documents. It was used to reflect the official rank of the writer and identify the rank of the office. The rule became more and more complicated. It needed the persons in charge of records who were accustomed to that rule. Therefore It was come to establish a very wide diversity of the posts in each office. There were Jusa(主事), Noksa(錄事), Yungsa(令史), Seosa(書史), Searyungsa(書令史), Sa, Gisa(記事), Gigwan(記官) and etc. They were totally called Seori. Their main business was likely to manage the records.

교과서의 고려시대 사회사 쟁점 연구

姜恩景(Kang, Eun-Kyong) 역사교육연구회 2017 역사교육 Vol.143 No.-

This is the research paper on Korean History for 8 high school textbooks, which were used from 2014 to 2016. We would examine the guidebook for the writers of the textbooks thoroughly which had been proposed by the government. The textbooks consist of four fields politics, economics, society, ideas and culture. Among those we would analyze the social history of 8 high school textbooks. The social part is comprised of status system, family system and the social policy, the most important case of which is the status system. But there are many arguments about aristocracy or bureaucracy, middle class, people(良人) and peasant, family and woman in the guidebook and textbooks. There are heated discussions among scholars who have studied Goryeo Dynasty. The first subject is the character of Goryeo society that was aristocracy. However, but some said bureaucracy had been produced in that days. The second subject is middle class whose work was practical affairs in administration of Goryeo Dynasty. They were Hyang-Ri(鄕吏) in the local governments, professional soldiers and hands-on worker of the central governmen(胥吏). There were some problems about how to categorize them and the choice of term in that case. The last one is the family and woman that have identities of Goryeo Period. They had practiced monogamy and admitted equal rights of women in inheritance and family register.

고려시대 지방사회의 제의와 공동체 의식

강은경 ( Eun Kyong Kang ) 한국사상사학회 2003 韓國思想史學 Vol.0 No.21

대한제국기 괴산 일대 순흥 안씨의 토지소유와 주거 실태

강은경(Kang Eun-Kyong) 한국사연구회 2012 한국사연구 Vol.157 No.-

This study was tried to analyze the economical and social background of Ahn-suk(安潚), who han been sacrificed his life for his country in 1910. In the first, Goesan-gun Yangan(壞山郡 量案) was examined for his existence because that was not only the land survey records but also the documents of population, houses, and social structure in the early 1900’s. In the second place, I would like to establish the fact that the Ahns of Sunheung in Goesan-gun should have been the background settling Ahn-suk’s family in D oonyul village of Goesan. So I resolved Chungjoo-gun Yangan(忠州郡 量案) and the genealogical record of the Ahns of Sunheung. Ahn-suk’s family had been lived in Paju for a long time, but they left and arrived in Goesan. At last Ahn-jungdoo, his grandfather settled down in Doonyul village of Goesan. They put down roots and was well-to-do in that village. It was presented in the Goesan-gun Yangan. There had been the Ahns of Sunheung in Goesan-gun, they lived together especially in D aesang village, Yidam village, Gyedam village, Yuli village and Juwal village of Goesan. The villages are divided five, but they have an open field. So their residents formed 60 percent in the members of the Ahns of Sunheung. It was demonstrated through the genealogical records of the Ahns of Sunheung. Finally I would check the representative landlords of the Ahns of Sunheung in those villages. There were Ahn Kyeong-sam of Daesang village, Ahn Sang-heon and Ahn Hong-jong of Yidam village, Ahn Myeong-lyang of Gyedam village, and Ahn Eung-oh and Ahn Enng-sam oh Yuli village. Above all they didn’t have a big tract of land in those villages. They farmed on their own lands and didn’t borrow another’s land. Therefore it would be the work to explain the economical and social background of Ahn-suk and the Ahns of Sunheung in Goesan-gun.

고려초 문서행정의 구조와 부서간 문서전달

강은경 ( Kang Eun Kyong ) 한국중세사학회 2014 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.39

Although the adminstration system would not be established yet, there should be the official documents and the communication system between departments in the early Goryeo Dynasty. So it needs to illuminate understanding each other as well as the sender and the receivers of the official documents in this paper. The first official document now remained is Do-Pyeong-Seong-Cheop(都評省帖) which had been written at King Taejo(太祖) 22(939) in Goryeo Dynasty. That paper had completed through three steps. First was Gyae-Moon(啓文), which had been written by Buddhist monk who was a disciple of Hong-Jun-Hwa-sang(洪俊和尙). He had seen and stressed the necessity of building the temple for Hong-Jun-Hwa-sang. The second step was Royal Edict(敎旨), which had responded for Gyae-Moon. King Taejo gave a nod to build a temple as their requests and the central government could support them. The last step was to carry out Royal Edict which was the most important work by the organ of Do-Pyeong-Seong. That organization was not seen at any documentary in Goryeo Dynasty. But in the early Goryeo Dynasty, Do-Pyeong-Seong would check the official documents to the king and answer for them. One of them was Do-Pyeong-Seong-Cheop, and carved in a stone that was named Ja-Jeok-Seon-Sa-Neung-Woon-Top-Bi(慈寂禪師凌雲塔碑). There was necessary to follow the normal procedure in order to take a national business, especially with the approval of major departments. Kim-Bu-Chaek-Sangbo-Go(金傅冊尙父誥) was the first paper in Goryeo Dynasty, which made at King GyeongJong(景宗) come to throne year(975). Above all that document was prepared by Signing and Sealing of ministers and vice-ministers who were belong to 5 major departments. There were developments in the administrative structure of the official documents in Goryeo Dynasty and brought the communication system of the official documents(公牒相通式) toward King SeongJong(成宗). In that system the formalities for official documents were completed, especially the established rules and forms for signing and sealing(姓名草押規式).

고려시대 한국인의 mentality 복원 연구 ; 동심원적인 삶의 범주와 다양한 심성 : 고려시대의 국가, 지역 차원 제의(祭儀)와 개인적 신앙

강은경 ( Eun Kyong Kang ) 연세대학교 국학연구원 2005 동방학지 Vol.129 No.-

고려시대 本貫에서의 定住와 他鄕으로의 移動

강은경(Kang Eun-Kyong) 한국사학회 2006 史學硏究 Vol.- No.81

중세사회는 자급자족의 자연경제를 기반으로 했기 때문에 정착성이 매우 강하다. 특히 고려시대는 戶籍이 작성된 ‘本貫’을 축으로 지방사회가 운영된 것으로 보인다. 관직 진출자들은 대개 개경을 중심으로 살고 있었지만, 여전히 본관에 일정한 세력을 갖고 있었다. 본관은 관인층에게만 의미 있는 것은 아니었다. 국가는 군인과 장사꾼 등 모두의 본관을 파악하고 있었다. 당시 유리하던 백성에게는 돌아가야 할 田里가 있었다. 웬만하게 큰 일이 아니면 살던 곳에서 움직이려 하지 않았다.<br/> 많은 사람들은 여러 가지 요인으로 이주하였다. 기록에 충분하게 남은 것이 관인층의 이주로, 개경에 집중되었다. 지방 향리도 과거 시험에 응시하려면 개경에 올라가 공부해야 했다. 관직 진출로 개경에 가면 생활기반을 마련하여 관직을 그만두었을 때에도 본관으로 내려가지 않았다. 이와 달리 농민들이 본거지를 떠나는 것은 더 이상 어쩔 수 없을 때 마지막으로 선택하였다. 과도한 조세와 부역, 연이은 기근과 질병 때문에 살던 곳을 떠나야 했다. 백성은 토지가 있는 곳이면 어디든지 찾아갔다.<br/> 본관을 떠난 사람들은 어떻게 살았을까. 개경으로 이주한 집안은 출신에 따라 다른 생활을 유지하였다. 지방 세력으로서 중앙에 진출한 경우 집을 살 정도로 유복하였다. 그러한 기반이 없으면 집을 세 들고 땔나무를 팔아 생활하기도 하였다. 대를 이어 관직에 오르면 국가에서 주는 토지가 없어도 생활할 만큼 넉넉했다. 그에 비해 고향을 떠난 유민은 새로운 생계 수단과 거주지를 확보해야 했다. 부세가 적고 새로운 경작지를 확보할 수 있는 화전, 변방 개간지, 해도 지역 등으로 이주하였고 일부는 아예 국경을 넘기도 하였다.<br/> 이미 이루어진 이주에 대해서 국가는 어떻게 대응하였을까. 동북아 정세가 격변하던 당시에 많은 이주자들이 고려로 몰려들었다. 고려 정부는 이들을 받아들여 지역별로 거주지를 마련하고 정착할 수 있도록 배려하였다. 당시 끊임없이 들어오는 발해 유민을 수용하는 것도 간단한 문제가 아니었다. 단위가 수백 명에서 수만 명에 이르렀는데, 이주자들이 정착하는 데 필요한 것을 제공하는 기본적인 정책이 마련되어 있었음에 틀림없다. 그렇다면 고려인으로 어쩔 수 없이 자기의 본관을 떠나 이주한 사람들에게도 유사한 정책이 세워지지 않았을까 생각한다. 그리하여 본관 중심의 생활뿐 아니라 다른 지역으로의 이주도 이루어질 수 있었다. It was very fixed because the base was formed of self sufficient economy in the medieval society. The local administrative system had been managed with the regional origin of family genealogy, Bongwan(本貫), especially in Goryeo Dynasty. Bongwan was important to all the officials, soldiers, merchants, farmers and etc.<br/> Nevertheless there were many varieties of moving out. Among the rest the migration of the officials was remarkable in records. The local group in each district usually entered government service. They had to succeed in Gwageo(科 擧), the state examination to recruit ranking officials, and to move to Gaegyeong(開京). Though they sometimes lost their official posts, they could not move out. Contrary to the officials, the common people had to leave Bongwan to get living. So they could keep away from various kinds of tax burden, famine and infectious disease.<br/> There were differences in the settlers in Gaegyeong by their origins, who were government officials, local group and former military men. Some were wealthy and the others were barely enough. But wondering people left for new land to cultivate. The government framed the polices to take the trouble for the settlers.