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Joon Hyuk Hou,Hyunjung Shin,Hyeji Shin,Yechan Kil,Da Hye Yang,Mi Kyeong Park,Wonhee Lee,Jun Yeup Seong,Seung Ho Lee,Hye Sun Cho,Soon Hong Yuk,Ki Yong Lee 고려인삼학회 2022 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.46 No.2
Background: Skin microbiota is important for maintenance of skin homeostasis; however, its disturbance may cause an increase in pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, we aimed to develop a red ginseng formulation that can selectively promote beneficial bacteria. Methods: The effects of red ginseng formulation on microorganism growth were analyzed by comparing the growth rates of Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Cutibacterium acnes. Various preservatives mixed with red ginseng formulation were evaluated to determine the ideal composition for selective growth promotion of S. epidermidis. Red ginseng formulation with selected preservative was loaded into a biocompatible polymer mixture and applied to the faces of 20 female subjects in the clinical trial to observe changes in the skin microbiome. Results: Red ginseng formulation promoted the growth of S. aureus and S. epidermidis compared to fructooligosaccharide. When 1,2-hexanediol was applied with red ginseng formulation, only S. epidermidis showed selective growth. The analysis of the release rates of ginsenoside-Rg1 and -Re revealed that the exact content of Pluronic F-127 was around 11%. The application of hydrogel resulted in a decrease in C. acnes in all subjects. In subjects with low levels of S. epidermidis, the distribution of S. epidermidis was significantly increased with the application of hydrogel formulation and total microbial species of subjects decreased by 50% during the clinical trial. Conclusion: We confirmed that red ginseng formulation with 1,2-hexanediol can help maintain skin homeostasis through improvement of skin microbiome.
Daewon Jung,Jaeseon Hwang,Hyuk Lim,Kyung-Joon Park,Hou, J.C. IEEE 2010 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Vol.9 No.2
<P>In multihop wireless networks, packets of a flow originating from a source node are relayed by intermediate nodes (relay nodes) and travel towards their destination along a multihop wireless path. Since the traffic forwarding capability of each node varies according to its level of contention, ideally, a node should not transmit more packets to its relay node than the corresponding relay node can forward. Instead, each node should yield its channel access opportunity to its neighbor nodes so that all the nodes can evenly share the channel and have similar forwarding capabilities. In this manner, nodes can utilize the wireless channel effectively, and further increase the end-to-end throughput of a multihop path. We propose a fully distributed contention window adaptation (CWA) mechanism, which adjusts the channel access probability depending on the difference between the incoming and outgoing traffic at each node, in order to equate the traffic forwarding capabilities among all the nodes in the path. We implement the proposed adaptive contention algorithm on Madwifi Linux kernel driver for Wi-Fi interface with Atheros chipset and carry out an empirical study in our division building. The experiment results demonstrate how the proposed mechanism can improve end-to-end throughput performance in the multihop wireless networks.</P>