美通商政策 樹立過程에서의 議會의 役割 : 最近 保護主義·立法過程에서의 美議員 投票性向 分析을 中心으로

기노진 서울大學校 行政大學院 1989 국내석사

성인 남성들의 죽음불안과 노화불안

기노진 한서대학교 정보산업대학원 노인복지학과 2012 국내석사

노화에 대한 불안은 근본적으로 죽음에 대한 두려움으로부터 연유한다고 알려져 있지만, 우리 사회의 노화불안이 죽음불안으로 인한 것인지에 대해서는 명확한 연구결과가 부족하다. 따라서 본 연구는 직장에서 근무하는 성인 남성들을 대상으로 죽음불안과 노화불안의 관계를 규명하는 데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위하여 경기지역 소재 직장에 근무하는 성인 남성 315명을 대상으로 죽음불안 및 노화불안에 관한 설문 조사를 실시하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같이 나타났다. 첫째, 죽음불안은 평균 3.02점이었으며, 요인별로는 짧은 시간 지각, 죽음생각의 부인, 죽음연관 사건에 대한 두려움, 죽음생각의 부인 순이었다. 사회인구학적 특성에 따른 죽음불안의 차이 분석 결과, 나이가 많고, 학력이 높을수록 죽음불안이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 요인별로는 죽음연관 사건에 대한 두려움은 45세 이상의 불안이 컸고, 짧은 시간 지각은 45세 이상일수록 그리고 자녀가 많을수록 불안이 더 컸으며, 죽음에 대한 두려움은 월평균 소득이 적을수록 불안이 컸고, 죽음생각의 부인에서는 모든 특성에서 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 둘째, 노화불안은 평균 3.06점이었으며, 요인별로는 심리적 불안정, 노인에 대한 두려움, 상실에 대한 두려움, 외모에 대한 걱정의 순으로 나타났다. 사회인구학적 특성에 따른 노화불안의 차이 분석 결과, 고졸자가 그 이상의 고학력자들보다 노화불안이 더 낮았다. 요인별로는 노인에 대한 두려움에서는 유의미한 차이가 없었으며, 심리적 불안정은 고학력이고 고소득인 경우 더 불안이 컸고, 상실에 대한 두려움은 연령이 높을수록 불안이 더 컸으며, 외모에 대한 걱정은 고학력일수록 불안이 높았다. 셋째, 죽음불안과 노화불안 간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 죽음불안에서는 첫째, 연령이 높고 짧은 시간 지각과 죽음에 대한 두려움이 크며 상실에 대한 두려움과 외모에 대한 걱정이 크고 심리적 불안정이 적을수록 죽음연관 사건에 대한 두려움이 높았다. 둘째, 연령이 높고 죽음연관 사건에 대한 두려움과 죽음에 대한 두려움이 크며 노인에 대한 두려움은 적고 상실에 대한 두려움과 외모에 대한 걱정은 높을수록 짧은 시간 지각의 불안이 높았다. 셋째, 월소득이 적고 죽음연관 사건에 대한 두려움과 짧은 시간 지각 그리고 죽음생각의 부인에 대한 불안이 높을수록 죽음에 대한 두려움이 높았다. 넷째, 죽음에 대한 두려움과 상실에 대한 두려움이 높고 심리적 불안정이 낮을수록 죽음생각 부인의 불안이 높았다. 노화불안에서는 첫째, 짧은 시간 지각과 죽음에 대한 두려움 그리고 심리적 불안정이 높을수록 노인에 대한 두려움이 높았다. 둘째, 월소득이 높고 주관적 생활수준은 낮으며 죽음연관 사건에 대한 두려움과 죽음생각의 부인 그리고 상실에 대한 두려움과 외모에 대한 걱정이 낮고 노인에 대한 두려움이 높을수록 심리적 불안정이 높았다. 셋째, 연령이 높고 월소득은 낮으며 죽음연관 사건에 대한 두려움과 짧은 시간 지각 그리고 죽음생각의 부인이 높고 심리적 불안정이 낮을수록 상실에 대한 두려움이 높았다. 넷째, 연령이 높고 학력이 높으며 월소득이 낮고 주관적 생활수준이 높고 죽음연관 사건에 대한 두려움과 짧은 시간 지각 그리고 상실에 대한 두려움이 높으며 심리적 불안정이 낮을수록 외모에 대한 걱정이 높았다. 넷째, 노화불안에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석한 결과, 노인에 대한 두려움에 영향을 미치는 요인은 죽음불안 중 짧은 시간 지각으로, 짧은 시각 지각에 대한 불안이 낮을수록 노인에 대한 두려움이 컸다. 심리적 불안정에 영향을 미치는 요인은 월소득과 주관적 생활수준, 그리고 죽음불안 중 죽음연관 사건에 대한 두려움과 죽음생각의 부인으로, 그 중 가장 중요한 영향요인은 죽음생각의 부인이었으며, 월소득이 300만원 이상이고, 주관적 생활수준이 어려우며, 죽음연관 사건에 대한 두려움이 낮고, 죽음생각의 부인 불안이 낮을수록 심리적 불안정이 높게 나타났다. 다음으로 상실에 대한 두려움에 영향을 미치는 요인은 연령과 월소득, 그리고 죽음불안의 네 가지 요인으로, 그 중 죽음연관 사건에 대한 두려움이 가장 중요한 요인으로 나타났으며, 연령이 높고, 월소득이 낮으며, 죽음연관 사건에 대한 두려움이 높고, 짧은 시간지각의 불안이 높으며, 죽음에 대한 두려움이 낮고, 죽음생각의 부인이 클수록 상실에 대한 두려움이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 외모에 대한 걱정에 영향을 미치는 요인은 학력과 월소득 그리고 죽음연관 사건에 대한 두려움과 죽음에 대한 두려움으로, 그 중 가장 중요한 변인은 죽음연관 사건에 대한 두려움이었으며, 죽음연관 사건에 대한 두려움이 크고, 죽음에 대한 두려움이 낮을수록 외모에 대한 걱정이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 본 연구에서는 직장의 성인 남성들이 올바른 죽음불안과 노화불안에 관한 지식을 습득하고 불안에 대한 긍정적인 관계를 형성할 수 있는 다양하고 전문적인 상담 및 프로그램을 개발하여 실시할 것으로 제안하였다. The purpose of this study was to investigate relations between death and aging anxiety of male adults working at companies. For this purpose, survey on death and aging anxiety was conducted aiming at 315 male adults working at companies located in Gyeonggi-do. The results of this study were as follows. First, the respondents' average death anxiety was 3.02 points and according to factors, the recognition of short time, the fear of accidents relating to death, and the denial of thinking about death were in the order. Meanwhile, as older and higher educated, the death anxiety was higher and according to factors the fear of accidents relating to death was higher at men over 45, and the recognition of short time was higher at men over 45 and having more children . And the fear of death was higher at men with less income. Second, the respondents' average aging anxiety was 3.06 points and according to factors, the psychological instability, the fear of becoming older, the fear of loss, and the anxiety on appearance appeared in the order. High school graduators had lower aging anxiety than the others, according to factors, the psychological instability was higher at men higher educated and with more income, the anxiety of loss was higher at men more aged, and the anxiety of appearance was higher at men higher educated. Third, in the result analyzing correlation between death anxiety and again anxiety, first, as age was high and short time recognition and fear on death were high, fear on loss and anxiety on appearance were high and less psychological instability had high fear on events relating to death. Fourth, higher fear on death and loss and less psychological anxiety had higher anxiety of denying of death thought. In aging anxiety, first, higher short time recognition, higher fear on death, and higher psychological instability had higher fear of becoming old men. Second, high monthly income, low subjective living level, low fear on accidents relating to death, low denying of death though, low fear on loss, low anxiety on appearance, and higher fear of becoming old men had high psychological instability. Third, high age, low monthly income, high fear on accidents relating to death, high short time recognition, high denying on death thought, and lower psychological anxiety had high fear on loss. Fourth, high age, high education, low monthly income, high subjective living level, high fear on accidents relating to death, high short time recognition, high fear on loss, and lower psychological anxiety had high anxiety on appearance. Fourth, in the result analyzing elements influencing aging anxiety, the factor influencing the fear of becoming old men was the short time recognition among death anxieties, and lower anxiety on short time recognition had high fear of becoming old men. Factors influencing psychological anxiety were monthly income, subjective living level, and fear on accidents relating to death and denying of death thought among death anxieties, and the most important influencing factor among them was denying of death thought, and those who having over 3 million won of monthly income, difficulty in subjective living level, low fear on accident relating to death, and lower fear on denying death thought showed high psychological anxiety. Next, the factors influencing fear on loss were age, monthly income, and four factors of death anxiety, and among them fear on accidents relating to death appeared to be the most important factor, and high age, low monthly income, high fear on accidents relating to death, high anxiety of short time recognition, low fear on death, and higher denying on death thought appeared to have high fear on loss. At last, factors influencing the anxiety on appearance were education, monthly income, fear on accidents relating to death, and fear on death, and the most important variable among them was fear on accidents relating to death, and high fear on accidents relating to death and lower fear on death appeared to have greater anxiety on appearance. Based on the research result, the study suggested development of diverse and specialized counseling and programs so that adult men working at companies can acquire right death anxiety and aging anxiety and form positive relations on the anxiety.

韓國 基金運用體系에 관한 硏究

奇老珍 中央大學校 大學院 2000 국내박사

This study is about the fund management system which has been the main issue of administrative reform till now in Korea. One of the remarkable characteristics of the Korean budget system lies in the fund system which is managed off-budget in an enormous scale without any procedure of deliberation in the National Assembly. The fund is used for flexibly running some projects with particular aims. As the funds become more and more various in kinds and larger in scale, this complicates the system of the national-budget-accounting, and sometimes overlaps with other projects related to the national budget. This leads to the negative impact on transparency and efficiency in the over-all government financial administration, which provides the rationale for this research outline in chapter 1. In chapter 2, the theoretical background of the fund management system is described. The essence of the fund system lies in assuring flexibility and efficiency in achieving continually projects with special aims relating to the limitation of the budget accounting system, and the principle of the fund management system is established on the basis of its definition. The principle of the fund management system is both publicness and yield, and publicness has to include such factors as stability and transparency. Taking into consideration the reality that the fund management system is managed as an off-budget in Korea, the control system of the fund management is analyzed and considered. In chapter 3, the present situation of Korea's and other countries' fund system is overviewed. How fund systems are established and managed in Korea and such advanced countries as Japan, England, France is examined also. There is a great difference between Korea's fund system and those of other countries from the perspective of legitimacy. That is, the fund is managed within the general budget system as a rule in the U.S.A., England and Japan. However, it is managed as an off-budget in Korea. In chapter 4, for case analysis of the fund management system, four such representative funds as the National Housing Fund, the Government Employees Pension Fund, the Culture and Arts Promotion Fund, and the National Sports Promotion Fund are analyzed in terms of stability, transparency and yield. The result of the analysis shows that problems caused by Korea's fund management system have come into being. Especially, transparency is regarded as the most vulnerable aspect of the Korean fund management system. In spite of the fact that there is a strong demand for assuring transparency related to publicness in fund management, transparency is vulnerable, and this has a bad effect on stability and yield in fund management. As a result, it is a negative factor in the efficient management of the funds. In chapter 5, the problems and solutions of fund management are identified, and the problems identified through the case-analysis are summed up as follows: 1) The Culture and Arts Promotion Fund, and National Sports Promotion Fund are non-public funds. 2) Particularly, these non-public funds have overlap with the general budget project and are not clearly differentiated. 3) Transparency, speciality, achievement evaluation are in-sufficient in the fund management system, and these factors cause inefficiency in fund management. 4) The business incidental to the funds that has not enough yield is managed. 5) The external control done by the National Assembly, etc. as well as the internal one by the Administration relating to fund management is not working sufficiently A few reform measures to sufficiently counter these problems are sought for and presented as follows : It's necessary to gradually convert funds overlapping with the budget into the general accounting budget. It's also taken into consideration to combine similar funds or to consolidate them in order to establish the stability of the fund management system. The fund should have clearly-aimed-projects and should be differentiated from other projects on the budget that do not overlap with the fund in order to maintain the fund's stability in relation to the fund management system. The way to enhance transparency is to convert non-public funds into the public fund, to improve the management of the fund-management-council, and to make fund information public. Transparency of the fund management system can be enhanced by making the decision-making-system clear, and by converting non-public funds into public ones. The way to enhance yield is to enhance expertise by setting up and operating 'a fund investment committee'. Besides, it's necessary to arrange the business incidental to the fund that gives little yield. In particular, it's necessary to make a plan to set up 'a fund investment committee' that consists of some specialists in finance and investment and then to make the committee a standing organization. Such an organization as the committee can cover insufficient expertise in relation to the fund management system. The way to strengthen the control of fund management is considered in three aspects as follows : Internal control by the Administration, external control by the National Assembly and Civil Groups. Particularly, by strengthening the National Assembly's function of control over the fund, We can keep the Administration from using it at its own will and can enhance transparency of the fund management system. In addition, direct deliberation in the National Assembly is necessary in order to reflect the points of view of stakeholders that are related with the fund management system. In conclusion, our government has to make epochal reform on the fund system by reorganizing the fund system in terms of budgetary reform, enhancing transparency and efficiency of the fund management system, and providing a proper control system. The fund should be managed as a budget system. The decision-making system should be managed transparently so that people may know how the fund is made and used. The fund management should go through substantial deliberation procedure at the National Assembly. Finally, the most epochal measure is to gradually convert the fund into the special accounting or general accounting system.