This paper analyzes the organization and activities of the Korea Civil Assistance Command (KCAC), operated directly under the Commander of the United Nations Command, which executed United States aid to Korea from 1953 to 1955 for relief and rehabilit...
This paper analyzes the organization and activities of the Korea Civil Assistance Command (KCAC), operated directly under the Commander of the United Nations Command, which executed United States aid to Korea from 1953 to 1955 for relief and rehabilitation in Korea. KCAC was founded as a civil affairs organization of UNC and an aid organization of United States as the counterpart of United Nations aid. Considering the military and economic characteristics of KCAC, this research examines the meaning of relief and rehabilitation activities after the Korean War.
As a successor to the United Nations Civil Assistance Command in Korea (UNCACK), KCAC was established to maintain the UNC's authority in civil assistance. While the Economic Coordinator limited the functions of KCAC to relief and short-term reconstruction, the UNC assigned the KCAC a broad civil affairs mission to assume responsibility for relief and rehabilitation in Korea. As the Office of the Economic Coordinator could not administer overall Korean aid, KCAC was able to carry out aid projects using various funds and functioned as more than an operating body of OEC. KCAC's activities were diversified with FOA funds spent on technical assistance contracts or other projects different from emergency relief in wartime.
The organizational structure of KCAC was designed for effective civil affairs operations. The headquarters and subordinate elements of KCAC were organized corresponding to the structure of the Korean government. KCAC headquarters were operated with health, agriculture, social affairs, electricity, and transportation branches to cooperate with the ministries of the Korean central government. Along with the planning and supply divisions, these were the main departments of the KCAC headquarters. KCAC field teams were established in each province to coordinate with the local government. The KCAC was composed mainly of soldiers, but civilian personnel were in charge of professional civil administration and played a crucial role in KCAC’s civil affairs operation. Since there was no civil affairs personnel training within the U.S. Army, KCAC had difficulties recruiting professional civil affairs personnel. KCAC tried to solve this problem by recruiting UNKRA personnel rather than training new civil affairs professionals. This reflected the will of the aid authorities to make use of saving expenses while maximizing the use of existing organizations.
KCAC's relief activities were conducted to efficiently distribute relief supplies to prevent disease, starvation, and unrest in Korea. KCAC allocated CRIK supplies to refugees, war sufferers, orphans, widows and the destitute. Although these activities partially responded to the relief needs, they did not adequately consider the reality of Korean society. KCAC‘s relief activities showed the characteristic of releasing the relief materials introduced into Korea as much as possible. This was justified in that it contributed to stabilizing Korean society. KCAC shared its relief responsibility with foreign voluntary agencies preparing for its transfer.
KCAC provided technical assistance to aim to train Korean professionals and transition civilian administration to peacetime. To train professional personnel, KCAC supported some Korean officials to have higher education in the US, and KCAC personnel provided lecture. In addition, KCAC was responsible for transferring public facilities and administrative functions which had served as a military necessity in wartime to peacetime needs. Professional advisors assigned to KCAC were dispatched to furnish technical advice for Korean officials. Furthermore, KCAC indirectly provided the professional know-how necessary to rehabilitate the infrastructure through engineering services. In the case of a project that concluded a contract with a technical company, KCAC provided technical assistance by supervising the on-site project process or coordinating communication between the contracting parties.
KCAC carried out transitional role in various aspects. KCAC completed the relief aid of US Army, which started during the Korean War and continued after the war and partially attempted technical assistance and economic aid that usually operated under the US State Department. Through this, KCAC expanded the goals of its assistance and mediated the transition from wartime relief aid to peacetime non-military aid. KCAC transformed the non-military aid focused on supporting military operations in wartime into a form for peacetime. As KCAC was created with the necessity for continuing the responsibility of UNC’s emergency relief aid, KCAC’s transitional characteristic was embodied from the beginning. Due to its inherent limitations, KCAC was unable to operate with a long-term plan for itself. However, this became a condition for KCAC to be engaged in various aid projects. KCAC provided a basis for relief and rehabilitation of postwar Korea since it reflected the postwar transitional period itself in its organization and activities.