북한 출신 북한이탈주민 정착지원 실무자의 직업적 심리 특성과 업무 인식 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this study, the characteristics of workers from North Korea who provide care services as part of resettlement support for North Korean refugees in South Korea were identified. To that end, the psychological level and perception of resettlement support workers from North Korea as care workers, as well as perceptions of in-group care, were analyzed.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether psychologically positive traits are more likely to appear among caregivers who share a similar origin or life background as the people they care for. Furthermore, how these positive characteristics function in the in-group care process was also explored.

This study was conducted using quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative methods included an online survey that was conducted and analyzed for a total of 155 participants, including North Korean resettlement support workers and a control group of South Korean resettlement support workers. Specifically, 49 of the resettlement workers who participated in this survey were from North Korea, with the remaining 106 participants from South Korea. The qualitative survey was conducted with 10 resettlement support workers from North Korea who had been working as resettlement support workers for more than three years.

The main research results of this study are as follows.
First, the results showed that the psychological level of resettlement support workers from North Korea as care workers was more positive than that of resettlement support workers from South Korea. Resettlement support workers from North Korea were able to incorporate their own experience with resettlement in their support work. As such, it was analyzed that the more positive psychological levels of workers from North Korea was because they had a higher level of understanding of North Korean refugees receiving support, thus enhancing the sense of effectiveness of their work when compared to their South Korean counterparts.

Upon analyzing the psychological characteristics of occupational self-efficacy, a sense of calling, resilience, and burnout according to demographic variables, the results confirmed that, rather than income level, level of education was a determining variable for significant differences in the psychological factors of resettlement support workers from North Korea. It was found that workers from North Korea tended to find their career paths through their education and had positive psychological experiences, such as finding meaning to their jobs.
As a result of analyzing the differences in psychological levels of occupational self-efficacy, a sense calling, resilience, and burnout by country of origin like North Korea or South Korea, the results showed significant differences based on this variable in occupational self-efficacy and burnout. When comparing the psychological level of resettlement support workers from North Korea with that of their South Korean counterparts, the results demonstrated that the former experienced higher levels of occupational self-efficacy, a sense of calling, and resilience were high, while also experiencing lower levels of.

The reasoning for such results could be due to the fact that resettlement support workers from North Korea shared many psychological characteristics, such as closeness, sympathy, deep understanding, and finding meaning, with the resettlement support recipients they cared for, thus increasing their occupational self-efficacy throughout the course of their work. Also, it was found that workers from North Korea experienced positive experiences in the workplace through mentoring, positive feedback, social support, and career development pursuits and achievements. In this way, a virtuous cycle structure between care service providers and recipients was found to help in maintaining a positive psychological state, thus having the capacity to improve the qualities of care services and increase work efficiency.

The results also showed that resettlement support workers from North Korea incorporate introspection, social distancing, seeking help from experts, and religious methods to strengthen their resilience. In other words, in order to fulfill their duties as caregivers, they focused on building their internal capacities through various methods of self-care in an effort to strengthen their resilience. As such, it was found that workers from North Korea experienced less burnout at work than their South Korean counterparts.
Independent variables that describe occupational self-efficacy include factors such as resilience, a sense of calling, and burnout. These three independent variables acted interdependently to determine the degree of occupational self-efficacy. For the purpose of this study, the variables that could best explain the occupational self-efficacy of care service practitioners by country of origin were examined. The results showed that, for workers from North Korea, occupational self-efficacy was best defined by one’s sense of calling, while for workers from South Korea, occupational self-efficacy was best defined by resilience.

A sense of calling was found to have high explanatory power for self-efficacy among workers from North Korea due to North Korea’s system of educating its citizens that individuals must devote themselves to the group. Also, this can be interpreted as the internalizing of religious values, such as the meaning of life and altruism, through religious experiences throughout the course of defection and resettlement in South Korean society. Furthermore, there were many cases where they discovered their calling and work as caregivers while undergoing the process of education and employment in South Korea as part of their resettlement.

Second, when considering the characteristics of in-group care, resettlement support workers from North Korea were found to feel a sense of belonging to the in-group because they closely identified with North Korean defectors and, thus, made an effort to have a sense of positivity toward the in-group. And they made an effort to differentiate themselves from their South Korean counterparts.

Social identity theory suggests that there are three strategies that play a role in feeling positivity toward the in-group: individual mobility, social creativity, and social competition. The results of this study found that resettlement support workers from North Korea also demonstrated this same perception in improving a sense of positivity within the group of North Korean refugees.

Regarding individual mobility, considering the low social status of North Korean defectors, one would consider it necessary for them to build the capacity to improve their social status, but North Korean refugees were found to think that such mobility can be secured through education. Social creativity does not change financial resources, rather, it emphasizes uniqueness and encourages positive differentiation through reevaluation. When it comes to perceptions of their hometown, North Koreans were found to think differently from their South Korean counterparts regarding their hometown and the role that connects the two Koreas. Social competition, even that which is conducted over a short span of time, creates discriminatory behavior in favor of the in-group. The results of the study showed that North Korean resettlement support workers believed they differed from South Korean workers because they understood North Korean defectors well. This phenomenon is unique in that the minority group of North Korean refugees can establish a cooperative relationship at an equal level, in terms of social status, with South Korean workers.
Meanwhile, regarding in-group care, in-group favoritism do not come without in-group conflicts. In-group conflict between workers from North Korea and North Korean refugees was found to be often caused by disdain and access to power. Intimacy in in-group conflict creates feelings of love and hate at the same time, thus resulting in more intense conflicts than those with the out-group. However, despite the element of in-group conflict between workers from North Korea and North Korean refugees, resettlement support tasks were found to help overcome such conflicts because the sense of satisfying the needs of care service recipients is greater than factors of in-group conflict.

Taking the result of this study into consideration, the significance of this study is as follows.
First, the results can help in changing occupational perspectives on North Korean defectors. North Korean resettlement support workers who conduct resettlement support tasks for North Korean refugees did not regard their job as a means of livelihood but, rather, developed a sense of calling by finding meaning in their work, thus enhancing a positive psychological mindset. As such, when connecting North Korean refugees with jobs, it was found that the process can be approached from various aspects, such as personal trait and development of self-identity, rather than simply as a means of resettlement. Furthermore, the results showed that a more positive situation can be created when help is given by individuals who were born in the same place or come from a similar background as the recipients of that help.
Second, the results of this study are significant in that they can change the image of North Korean defectors. This study offers an opportunity to think about North Korean refugees not only as recipients of aid, but also as service providers who offer such aid. Resettlement support workers from North Korea offer care services while working in equal positions as workers from South Korea. In fact, such workers from North Korea were found to exhibit positive self-awareness, self-esteem, and satisfaction with their work. The experiences of these workers were found to have a positive impact on both the in-group and their South Korean counterparts. Since they were able to overcome the hardships of their past and achieve change and growth, resettlement support workers from North Korea had a positive influence on the in-group by setting a good example. Furthermore, they also helped create an environment for South Koreans to improve their perception of North Korean refugees.

Third, through resettlement support workers from North Korea, this study offers new interpretations of the personality of North Korean refugees as marginal man. While thinking about the hometowns that they left, resettlement support workers from North Korea conduct their tasks in the hope that North Korean refugees will settle well in South Korean society and contribute to their hometown in the future. Perhaps this personality is the factor that allows North Korean refugees to have a perspective on the future, while also maintaining a perspective on the present and their current work. In addition, when considering the division between North and South Korea, resettlement support workers from North Korea, with a sense of duty and ethical responsibility as North Korean defectors, believe that they play a role in connecting the two Koreas. These qualities serve as the basis for offering creative alternatives in the resettlement support process when collaborating with South Korean workers.
Moving forward, the implications of this study are as follows.
First, social integration can be experienced through the common goal shared by resettlement workers from both North and South Korea: helping North Korean refugees resettle in South Korean society. Resettlement workers from both Koreas play a role in supporting North Korean refugees achieve their goal of living as democratic citizens and acting members of society. In this way, cooperating in an equal relationship with a common goal serves as an experience of social integration. To this end, it is necessary to train more resettlement support workers from North Korea and increase their presence in the workplace.

Second, the results of this study found that it is necessary to strengthen professional capacities as resettlement workers through various job training in order to overcome burnout, maintain a positive psychological state, and increase occupational self-efficacy. It is also important to strengthen internal capacities through various training programs, such as supervision and resilience-building activities.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 북한이탈주민이 북한이탈주민의 정착을 지원할 때 가질 수 있는 특징에 대해 알아보았다. 이를 위해 돌봄 서비스를 제공하는 북한 출신 정착지원 실무자들에 대한 심리적 수준과 인식, 내집단 돌봄에 대한 인식을 살펴보았다.
연구방법으로는 양적조사와 질적조사를 활용하였다. 양적조사에서는 돌봄 종사자인 북한 출신 실무자들의 심리 수준을 알아보기 위해 직업적 자기효능감, 소명, 회복탄력성, 소진에 대한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 이때 대조군으로 남한 출신 실무자들의 심리 수준도 조사했는데, 조사대상자는 북한 출신 실무자 49명, 남한 출신 실무자 106명으로 총 155명이다. 질적조사에서는 돌봄 종사자로서 심리 인식 및 내집단 돌봄에 대한 인식을 알아보기 위해 북한 출신 실무자 10명을 대상으로 면담 조사를 실시하였다.
양적연구에서는 북한 출신 실무자의 심리적 수준과 직업적 자기효능감을 가장 잘 설명하는 변수를 살펴보았는데, 북한 출신 실무자의 심리 요인에는 소득 수준보다 교육 수준에 따른 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 또한 북한 출신 실무자의 직업적 자기효능감, 소명, 회복탄력성은 남한 출신 실무자보다 높은 수준이었고, 소진은 낮은 수준이었다. 그리고 북한 출신 실무자의 직업적 자기효능감을 가장 잘 설명하는 변수는 소명이었다. 질적조사에서는 북한 출신 실무자가 돌봄 종사자로 가지는 심리 요인에 대한 인식을 살펴보았다. 북한 출신 실무자들은 직업적 자기효능감을 ‘대상자에 대한 높은 이해와 도움에 대한 긍정적 경험’ 이라고 인식하고 있었다. 소명에 대해서는 ‘정착 경험에 대한 의미 부여’, 회복탄력성은 ‘자기 수용과 도움 추구’, 소진은 ‘관계에서 느끼는 부정적 감정과 열악한 근무환경’ 이라고 인식하고 있었다. 이처럼 북한 출신 실무자의 심리 수준과 인식을 살펴본 결과 북한 출신 실무자에게 북한이탈주민 정착지원 업무는 멘토 역할에 대한 자부심, 자기개발 추구 및 성취라는 긍정적 경험을 갖게 하며, 북한이탈주민의 직업 선택에 대해 개인의 특성, 자아정체감 발달 등과 같은 측면에서 접근이 가능함을 발견할 수 있었다.
또한 내집단 돌봄에 대한 특징으로 내집단 선호와 내집단 갈등에 대해서 살펴보았는데, 북한 출신 실무자들은 내집단 선호의 관점에서 사회정체성 이론이 주장하는 내집단 긍정성을 위한 세 가지 전략을 사용하는 것으로 나타났다. 북한이탈주민은 교육을 통해 개인적 이동성(individual mobility)을 확보할 수 있다고 생각하고 있으며, 북한 출신 실무자가 고향에 대해 가지고 있는 생각, 남북을 잇는 역할에 대한 의식은 사회적 창조성(social creativity)의 영역이라 할 수 있다, 또한 사회적 경쟁(social competition)의 측면에서 북한 출신 실무자들은 본인들이 북한이탈주민을 잘 이해하고 있기때문에 남한 출신 실무자들과는 차별화 된다고 이야기한다. 한편, 북한 출신 실무자들에게 내집단 갈등 요인은 북한이탈주민으로부터 무시를 받거나, 정착지원 업무에 대한 북한이탈주민의 권력적 접근인 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 북한 출신 실무자들은 내집단 갈등 요인보다 지원대상자에 대한 욕구 충족 요인을 더 중요하게 인식함으로써 갈등을 극복하는 것으로 나타났다.
따라서 이 연구의 의의는 다음과 같다.
첫째, 북한 출신 실무자들에게 직업은 생계 수단만이 아니라, 업무에 대한 의미 부여를 통해 자신의 소명 의식을 발전시키고, 심리적 긍정성이 높아지는 가치 있는 도구가 된다는 것을 발견했다. 둘째, 북한 출신 실무자를 통해 북한이탈주민이 도움만 받는 수혜자가 아니라 도움을 주는 서비스 제공자가 될 수 있음을 확인했다. 셋째, 경계인적 성격을 가지고 있는 북한 출신 실무자는 고향을 생각하고, 남북을 잇는 경계인적 사고로 창조적 영역을 만들어 낼 수 있음을 확인하였다.
이에 본 연구에서는 북한이탈주민의 자기 긍정성 및 집단 긍정성 향상을 위해 북한 출신 실무자들을 적극 활용할 필요가 있으며, 북한 출신 실무자들이 긍정적인 심리 수준을 유지할 수 있도록 역량강화 및 소진대응 교육이 중요함을 시사하고 있다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1. 사회복지사의 외상경험과 외상 후 스트레스장애의 관계에 미치는 사회적 지지의 조절효과. [Moderating Effect of Social Support on the Relationship between Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Social Workers], 윤명숙, 정신건강과 사회복지, 41(4), 174-200, , 2013

2. 북한이탈주민전문 상담사의 직무스트레스와 심리 적 소진이 상담자활동 자기효능감에 미치는 영향. [Factors Influencing on Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy from Job Stress and Burnout of the North Korea Refugee's Counselors], 노인숙, 노인숙, 배미랑, 배미랑, Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 18(2), 1051-1064, , 2016

3. 경계/탈경계의 단계별 유형화를 위한 시도-자율적 삶을 추구하는 북한이탈주민에 대한 사례연구. [A Typological Approach to the Marginal and Transborder Stages: A Case Study on North Korean Refugees in Pursuit of an Autonomous Life], 윤보영, 北韓硏究學會報, 20(2), 63-92, , 2016

4. 북한이주민, 윤인진, 파주: 집문당, , 2009

5. Choosing a vocation ., Parsons , F., , 1909

6. 「직업심리학」, 김병숙, 서울: 시그마프레스, , 2007

7. Arts of the Contact Zone, Pratt , M. L., , 1991

8. 일반논문 : 분단체제가 만들어낸"이방인", 탈북자 탈냉전과 대량탈북시대에 남한 사회에서 "탈북자"라는 위치의 한계와 가능성. [“The Stranger” in the Division System Limitations and Possibilities of North Korean Arrivals in South Korea], 김성경, 북한학연구, 10(1), 37-69, , 2014

9. 북한이탈주민 정착지원 실무자의 직업적 자기효능감과 소진 관계에서 회복탄력성의 매개효과. [The Effects of Occupational Self-Efficacy on Burnout Among Settlement Support Workers for North Korean Defectors － The Mediating Effect of Resilience －], 이영준, 신보경, 손인배, 통일연구, 24(2), 81-116, , 2020

10. Cognitive aspects of prejudice ., Tajfel , H., 1 ( S1 ) , 173-191 ., , 1969

11. De-constructing concepts of care, Thomas , C., 27 ( 4 ) , 649-669 ., , 1993

12. Serendipity is not serendipitous, Krumboltz , J. D., 45 ( 4 ) , 390 ? 392 ., , 1998

13. 『질적연구방법론 Ⅰ 』, 김영천, 파주: 아카데미프레스, , 2012

14. Phases of the mentor relationship, Kram , K. E., 26 ( 4 ) , 608-625 ., , 1983

15. Human migration and the marginal man, Park , R. E., 33 ( 6 ) , 881-893 ., , 1928

16. A new classification of occupations ., Roe , A ., 1 ( 4 ) , 215-220 ., , 1954

17. 특수교사의 감정노동이 소진과 행복에 미치는 영 향 : 긍정심리자본과 사회적 지지의 조절효과. [Influence of Special Education Teachers’ Emotional Labor on Their Burnout and Happiness: The Moderation Effects of Positive Psychological Capital and Social Support], 김나경, 이동귀, 특수교육, 18(4), 5-30, , 2019

18. Paraprofessionals in refugee resettlement, Ivry , J, 2 ( 1 ) , 99-118 ., , 1992

19. 상담자의 직무자율성과 전문성 개발 기회가 직무열의에 미치는 영향: 소명의식과 자기효능감의 매개효과. [The effect of counselor’s job autonomy and opportunity for professional development on job engagement: The mediating roles of calling and self-efficacy], 진두찬, 손은정, 상담학연구, 16(4), 177-192, , 2015

20. A procedure for stepwise regression analysis, Johnsson , T., 33 ( 1 ) , 21-29 ., , 1992

21. Toward a middle-range theory of resilience ., Polk , L. V., 19 ( 3 ) , 1-13 ., , 1997

22. 외상생존자와 일하는 사회복지사의 소진에 대한 역할갈등, 업무부담과 이차적 외상 스트레스 및 자기효능감의 영향. [Influences of Role Conflict, Workload, Secondary Traumatic Stress and Self-efficacy on Burnout of Social Workers Working with Trauma Survivors], 박윤미, 윤혜미, 한국아동복지학, -(36), 289-322, , 2011

23. 병원 간호사가 지각한 상사의 지지와 직무재창조의 관계에서 소명의식과 역할확장 자기효능감의 매개효과. [Mediation Effects of Calling and Role Breadth Self-efficacy on the Relationship between Supportive Supervision and Job Crafting of Nurses in General Hospitals], 한수정, Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 26(3), 251-261, , 2020

24. Conflict and cohesion : a review of the literature, Stein , A . A, 20 ( 1 ) , 143 ? 172, , 1976

25. 환대에 대하여 (남수인 역). 서울: 東文選, Dufourmantelle, A., Derrida, J., (원서출판 1997), , 2004

26. A life-span , life-space approach to career development, Super , D. E., 16 ( 3 ) , 282-298 ., , 1980

27. Dynamics of calling : A longitudinal study of musicians, Dobrow , S. R., 34 ( 4 ) , 431-452 ., , 2013

28. Resilience and thriving : Issues , models , and linkages, Carver , C. S., 54 ( 2 ) , 245-266 ., , 1998

29. 사회복지사의 소진과정 (Burnout Process) 모델-직업관련 스트레스 요인, 직무스트레스와 전문직효능성에 의한 소진 경로분석. [Burnout Process Model of Social Workers: Analysis of the Paths from the Job-related Stressors, Job-stress and Professional Self-efficacy to Burnout], 이명신, 한국사회복지학, 56(4), 5-34, , 2004

30. Groups and individuals : Explanations in social psychology, Doise , W., , 1978

31. Explication and test of a model of communicative competence, Wiemann , J. M., 3 ( 3 ) , 195-213 ., , 1977

32. 갈등의 사회적 기능. (박재환 역). 서울: 한길사, Coser, L. A., (원서출판 1956), , 1980

33. 소진 (Burnout) 의 개념 분석. [Concept Analysis of Burnout], 최혜영, Health & Nursing (구 간호과학), 22(2), 27-38, , 2010

34. Athlete burnout : Potential for research and intervention strategies, Fender , L. K., 3 ( 1 ) , 63-71 ., , 1989

35. The indigenous worker : A new approach to the social work technician, Brager , G., 10 ( 2 ) , 33-40 ., , 1965

36. The many faces of socialidentity : Implications for political psychology, Brewer , M. B, 22 ( 1 ) , 115-125 ., , 2001

37. Communicative adaptability : A measure of social communicative competence, Duran , R. L., 31 ( 4 ) , 320-326 ., , 1983

38. Leininger 's theory of nursing : Cultural care diversity and universality, Leininger , M. M., 1 ( 4 ) , 152-160 ., , 1988

39. Group processes in medical education : learning from social identity theory, Burford , B, 46 ( 2 ) , 143-152, , 2012

40. Creating a bridge to healing : A professional/paraprofessional team approach, Dubus , N., 23 ( 3 ) , 327-336 ., , 2009

41. Extreme subjective career success : A new integrated view of having a calling, Dobrow , S. R., , 2004

42. Does the glove really fit ? Qualitative research and clinical social work practice, Padgett , D. K., 43 ( 4 ) , 373-381 ., , 1998

43. 일반직 종사자를 위한 직무소진척도(MBI-GS)에 대한 타당화 연구, 신강현, 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 16(3), 1-17, , 2003

44. 북한이주민들의 남한사회에서 직장 유지경험에 대한 질적사례연구, 신윤정, 전주람, 통일과 평화, 11(2), 351-398, , 2019

45. 새터민 상담접근의 쟁점. [Toward A Counseling Model for North Korean Immigrants], 이장호, 한국심리학회 학술대회 자료집, 2008(1), 308-309, , 2008

46. Caring , the Human Mode of Being : A Blueprint for the health professions ( 2nd rev . ed. ), Roach , M. S., , 2002

47. 질적 연구방법론. (조흥식, 정선욱, 김진숙, 권지성 역). 서울: 학지사, Creswell, J. W., (원서출판 2007), , 2010

48. 민원담당공무원의 감정노동이 자기효능감과 직무소진에 미치 는 영향: 대구,경북 민원담당공무원을 중심으로. [The Effect that the Emotional Labor of Officials in Charge of Civil Appeal have on Self-Efficacy and Job Burnout: Focusing on the Officials in Charge of Civil Appeal Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do area], 성영태, 한국인사행정 학회보, 13(2), 183-210, , 2014

49. Training refugee mental health providers : Ethnography as a bridge to multicultural practice, Go ? dziak , E. M., 63 ( 2 ) , 203-210 ., , 2004

50. Transcendent vocations : Their relationship to stress , depression , and clarity of self-concept ., Treadgold , R., 39 ( 1 ) , 81-105 ., , 1999

51. 유치원 교사의 회복탄력성 분석. [An Analysis of the Kindergarten Teacher's Resilience], 권수현, 이승연, 한국교원교육연구, 27, 137-157, , 2010

52. Formalized mentor relationships for management and executive development programs in the federal government, Klauss , R., 41 ( 4 ) , 489-496 ., , 1981

53. 돌봄노동의 여성화에 대한 비판적 고찰. [A Critical Approach to the Feminization of Care Work], 안숙영, 한국여성학, 34(2), 1-32, , 2018

54. 마을활동가의 직업적 특성 분석. [An Analysis of Occupational Characteristics of Maeul Activists], 정석, 김동민, 서울도시연구, 20(1), 1-17, , 2019

55. 사회복지사 소진 요인에 관한 메타분석. [Meta Analysis of Social Worker’s Factor of Burnout], 진혜민, 백정원, 남희은, 한국산학기 술학회논문지, 16(2), 1045-1053, , 2015

56. 신변보호담당관을 통해 본 북한이탈주민의 지역사회 정착 장애요인과 신변보호담당관의 엄무부담: 개인적 요인들의 중심으로. [Personal Factors of Defecting North Korean Residents Obstructing Settlement in South Korean Communities and Job Burden Perceived by Police Officers Who are Providing Special Protection for Them], 원미순, 홍순혜, 박윤숙, 한국사회복지학, 52(-), 223-240, , 2003

57. 경력개발 이론의 평가와 연구방향. [Theories of Career Development: Review and Research Directions], 김흥국, 인적자원개발연구, 2(2), 1-41, , 2000

58. 돌봄노동의 제도화와 여성들의 차이. [Institutionalization of Care Labor and Differences among Women], 이숙진, 페미니즘 연구, 11(2), 49-83, , 2011

59. The role of work in psychological health and well-being : a conceptual , historical , and public policy perspective, Blustein , D. L., 63 ( 4 ) , 228-240 ., , 2008

60. 한국 청소년 탄력성 척도의 개발. [A Study for Development of the Resilience Scale of Korean Adolescents], 조한익, 이해리, 한국청소년연구, 16(2), 161-206, , 2005

61. 사회과 양적 연구의 실태 분석. [Articles : An analysis of the quantitative method research on social studies], 길현주, 시민교육연구, 41(1), 21-39, , 2009

62. 표본조사에서 비확률표집 방법론 고찰. [A Study of Non-probability Sampling Methodology in Sample Surveys], 김규성, 조사연 구, 18(1), 1-29, , 2017

63. 북한이탈주민과 기독교 ―민간단체를 중심으로. [North Korean Refugee and Christianity ―Focused on NGO], 최현종, 神學과 宣敎, 52(-), 217-244, , 2018

64. 사회적 범주화, 가치 선호 및 내집단 편애. [Social Categorization , Value Preference and Ingroup Favoritism], 이수원, 이해경, 한국심리학회지:사회 및 성격, 8(2), 108-123, , 1994

65. Bridge Builders : A Qualitative Study Exploring the Experiences of Former Refugees Working as Caseworkers in the United States, Shaw , S. A, 40 ( 3 ) , 284 ? 296, , 2014

66. 경찰공무원의 회복탄력성이 직무소진에 미치는 영향. [The Effects of Resilience of Police Officer on Burnout], 김성환, 한국치안행정논집, 14(3), 23-40, , 2017

67. 북한이탈주민 직장적응 실태 분석과 제언. [A Study on the work adaptation of North Korean defectors and suggestions], 이지영, 최경원, 대한정치학회보, 29(1), 55-87, , 2021

68. 단축형 직업적 자기효능감 척도의 타당화 연구. [Validation of the Korean Version of Occupational Self-Efficacy Sale], 이정애, 상담학연구, 14(2), 1093-1106, , 2013

69. 탄력성 (resilience) 의 개념적 이해와 교육적 방안. [Conceptual understanding of resilience and instructional suggestion], 홍은숙, 특수교육학연구, 41(2), 45-67, , 2006

70. 북한이탈주민 정착지원서비스 제공자의 직무와 직무에 대한 인식 분석: 지역적응센터 담당자 역량모델 개발의 기반 형성. [The Research on the Job Analysis of the Settlement Service for North Korean Defectors and Service Practitioners’ Perception of their Job: Focused on Building up the foundation of the Competency Model for their Career Development], 노경란, 노경란, 統一 政策 硏究, 19(1), 237-274, , 2010

71. 사회복지사와 간호사의 전문직 정체성 비교 연구. [A Comparative Study of Professional Identity (Social Workers VS Nurses)], 신은정, 김양이, 임상사회사업연구, 10(1), 23-49, , 2013

72. 한국판 소명 척도(CVQ-K) 타당화. [Development and Validation of the Korean Version of the Calling and Vocation Questionnaire(CVQ-K)], 심예린, 유성경, 한국심리학회지 상담 및 심리치료, 24(4), 847-872, , 2012

73. 북한이탈주민의 정착문제와 전망-취업활성화 방안을 중심으로. [A Study on Adaption of North Korean Refugees in Society], 강창구, 사회과학연구, 20(1), 51-63, , 2011

74. 진로발달 접근을 통한 진로 계획에 관한 연구. [A Study On the Career Planning Applied Concepts of Career Development Approach], 김충기, 진로교육연구, 10(1), 135-182, , 1999

75. 북한이탈청소년학교 교사의 소진 실태와 요인. [The study on burnout among teachers in schools for North Korea refugee students], 윤석주, 손지희, 교육문제연구, 28, 109-134, , 2015

76. 돌봄서비스 종사자의 직무경험에 관한 인식유형 연구. [A Study on Perception Types in Job Experiences of Care Service Workers], 옥수선, 옥수선, 조향숙, 조향숙, 社會科學硏究, 32(2), 243-269, , 2016

77. 질적/후기 실증주의 연구작업에서 고려해야 할 방법적 이슈 들. [Methodic Issues in Qualitatitive / Postpositivist Research], 김영천, 교 육과정연구, 14(3), 41-72, , 1996

78. 남한 내 탈북자들의 의식 및 생활 만족도 연구. [The Way of Thinking and Satisfaction Level of North Korean Defectors in South Korea], 전우택, 윤덕용, 엄진섭, 신경정신의학, 43(1), 93-104, , 2004

79. 북한이탈주민 지원 인력의 소진 요인과 극복방안에 관한 연구. [Factors Leading to Burn-out of North Korean Refugee Supporters], 김현아, 전우택, 유시은, 도지완, 統一 政策 硏究, 26(2), 267-292, , 2017

80. 여성 사회복지전담공무원의 소진 (burnout) 에 영향을 미치는 요인. [Factors influencing Female Public Social Workers’ Burnout], 이형렬, 송경민, GRI 연구논총, 12(2), 171-200, , 2010

81. 낙관성, 인지적 정서조절 및 상담자 소진의 관계. [Relationships among Optimism, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, and Counselor Burnout], 윤정임, 정남운, 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 21(1), 49-68, , 2009

82. 사회통합의 관점에서 본 북한이탈주민 정책방향 연구. [A Study on South Korean Social Integration Policy for North Korean Defactors], 권숙도, 韓國 政治 硏究, 23(1), 101-126, , 2014

83. 상담학분야의 질적연구 경향 분석: 국내 학술지를 중심으로. [The Trends of Qualitative Research on Counseling Psychology in Korea], 박승민, 상담학연구, 13(2), 953-977, , 2012

84. 탈북민 전문상담사들의 역량강화를 위한 수퍼비전 연구. [Supervision for empowering counselors working with North Korean defectors], 김주찬, 연세상담코칭연구, 6(-), 33-55, , 2016

85. 장애아동가족의 Resilience 관련 요인척도의 개발. [Factor Scale Development Related to Resilience in Families of Children with Disabilities], 오승아, 이양희, 미래유아교육학회지, 6(2), 21-48, , 1999

86. 발달과정에서 위험요소에 노출된 유아의 심리적 건강성과 보호요인 분석. [Resilience and Protective Factors in At - risk Children], 이완정, 아동학회지, 23(1), 1-16, , 2002

87. 북한이탈주민의 취업지원제도의 발전방향. [The Direction of the Development of the Employment Support System for the North Korean Defectors], 김혜원, 복지와 문화다양성연구, 12, 109-134, , 2020

88. 새터민 동료상담자의 상담경험에 대한 질적 연구. [A Qualitative Study on the North Korean Defector Peer Counselor`s Experience in Counseling], 김현아, 김영경, 한국심리학회지 상담 및 심리치료, 21(4), 981-1009, , 2009

89. 임상간호사의 감정노동과 자아탄력성이 소진에 미 치는 영향. [The Influence of Emotional Labor and Resilience on Burn Out in Clinical Nurse], 이은영, 강현숙, 인적자원관리연구, 27(3), 1-11, , 2020

90. 남한출신 복지관련 종사자는 탈북 동료를 어떻게 바라보는가? [How do South Korean Welfare Workers View their North Korean Defector Coworkers?], 전주람, 신윤정, 한국사회복지질적연구, 12(2), 39-67, , 2018

91. 보육교사의 개인변인, 정서노동, 직무소진의 관계. [Relationship among child care teachers` personal characteristics, emotional labor, and burnout], 최미경, 김정희, 생태유아교육연구, 12(2), 51-68, , 2013

92. 북한이탈주민의 사회보장 경험에 관한 질적 사례연구. [A Qualitative Case Study on the Experiences of North Korean Defectors for Social Security], 전혜연, 강선주, 기지혜, 김영일, 권지성, 한국사회복지행정학, 16(4), 127-161, , 2014

93. 수퍼비전이 사회복지사의 자기효능감에 미치는 영향. [The Influence of Supervision on Social Workers' Self-Efficacy : In Community Welfare Centers], 성희자, 한국지역사회복지학, 22, 73-91, , 2007

94. 북한이탈주민에 의한 "북한이탈주민 전문상담" 연구. [A Plan to Enhance "Professional Counseling for North Korean Defector" by North Korean Defector], 김병욱, 社會科學硏究, 19(1), 34-72, , 2011

95. 북한이탈여성노인의 남한사회 정착경험에 관한 연구. [A Study on the Experience of Settlement of Elderly North Korean Women Defectors in South Korea], 이은혜, 이현주, 오보람, 한국노년학, 29(4), 1501-1520, , 2009

96. 북한출신 주민(탈북자 포함) 심리사회 적응 프로그램의 개발. [Development of A Psycho-Social Adjustment Training Program for North Korean Refugees], 이장호, 성곡논총, 28(4), 739-789, , 1997

97. 북한이탈주민 중 고령자의 직업선택과 그 과정에 대한 경험 연구. [Study of experience of elderly North Korean defectors on job choice and process], 허옥희, 통합사회복지연구, 1(1), 27-49, , 2018

98. 작업치료사의 감정노동과 소진이 직무태도에 미치 는 영향. [The Effect of Emotional Labor and Burnout on the Job Attitude of Occupational Therapists], 이성희, 방요순, 대한작업치료학회지, 23(1), 95-108, , 2015

99. 남북 문화 간 통합을 위한 새터민 조력자의 교육모형 탐색. [The Study on South Korean Inter-cultural Education Training Model for North Korean Refugee], 윤여상, 김현아, 한선영, 아시아교육연구, 9(3), 1-28, , 2008

100. 탈북자들과 보호경찰관들의 인간관계에 대한 분석. [An Analysis of Human Relationship between North Korean Defectors and South Korean Policemen in Charge], 전우택, 통일연구, 4(1), 21-64, , 2000

101. 북한이탈주민의 국가정체성 형성과 유형. [The Patterns and Formation of National Identity among North Korean Refugees in South Korea: A Grounded Theory Study], 이연우, 전우택, 유시은, 統一 政策 硏究, 20(2), 1-35, , 2011

102. 북한이탈주민의 전환적 진로선택과정에 관한 근거이론 연구. [A Study on the Grounded Theory of Transitional Career Choice Process North Korean Defects], 김혜영, 한국산학기술학회논문지, 21(2), 240-250, , 2020

103. 북한이탈주민 정착지원 실무자의 교육 실태 및 요구. [Collection Basic Data for Training Education of Practitioners of Supporting the Refugees’ Settlement], 전연숙, 여성연구논총, 16(-), 53-85, , 2015

104. 북한이탈주민에서 우울 증상과 회복탄력성의 관련성. [The Relationship between Depressive Symptoms and Psychological Resilience among North Korean Defectors], 전진용, 안지현, 이효철, 이경은, 홍진표, 김해수, 사회정신의학, 22(2), 67-74, , 2017

105. 소명의식과 진로적응성의 관계에서 소명실행의 조절효과. [The Relation between Calling and Career Adaptability: The Moderating Effects of Living a Calling], 민지현, 강에스더, 이혜주, 한국심리학회지 산업 및 조직, 30(4), 491-516, , 2017

106. 북한이탈주민들의 전문상담사 상담경험에 관한 질적연구. [A Qualitative Study of North Korean Refugees` Counseling Experiences with Professional Counselors], 권수영, 최정헌, 상담학연구, 12(5), 1683-1702, , 2011

107. 회복탄력성 검사 지수의 개발 및 타당도 검증. [Developing Measures of Resilience for Korean Adolescents and Testing Cross, Convergent, and Discriminant Validity], 신우열, 김주환, 김민규, 한국청소년연구, 20(4), 105-131, , 2009

108. 회복탄력성 연구 동향과 과제: 회복탄력성 개념과 척도를 중심으로. [Resilience Research Trends and Tasks: Focusing on the Concept and Scale of Resilience], 기경희, 김광수, 초등상담연구, 17(2), 157-175, , 2018

109. 노인요양병원 간호사의 소진탄력성, 자아 존중감과 이직의도. [Resilience to Burnout, Self-esteem and Turnover Intention of Nurses in Long-term Care Hospitals], 김현주, 이해랑, 최순옥, 이해랑, 김현주, 최순옥, 노인 간호학회지,15(3), 218-226, , 2013

110. 직업상담사의 직업선택과정에서 ‘계획된 우연’의 역할. [The role of ‘Planned Happenstance’ in the process of choosing occupation of Vocational Counselors], 오현주, 안윤정, 진로교육연구, 25(4), 117-140, , 2012

111. 북한이탈주민과의 접촉이 남한 사람들의 신뢰와 수용에 미치는 영향. [The Effects of Contact with North Korean Residents on Trust and Acceptance by South Koreans], 양계민, 정진경, 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 11(특), 97-115, , 2005

112. 탄력성 척도의 비교 및 탄력성과 정서적 특성과의 관계 탐색. [Comparison of Three Resilience Scales and Relationship between Resilience and Emotional Characteristics], 김수안, 민경환, 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 25(2), 223-243, , 2011

113. 북한이탈주민 전문상담사의 심리적 소진의 원인 탐색. [Causes of Burnout among South Korean Counselors Working with North Korean Refugees: A Qualitative Content Analysis], 노인숙, 조선희, 정신간호학회지, 21(4), 303-310, , 2012

114. 북한이탈주민의 차별경험과 적응의 관계. [The Relationship between Discrimination and Social Adaptation among North Korean Refugees: Mediating Effects of Self-Support Efficacy], 김희진, 최지현, 정윤경, 사회과학연구, 31(2), 157-182, , 2015

115. 남한주민과 북한이탈주민의 상호인식을 통해 본 통일준비. [Preparing for Reunification through Mutual Understanding between South Korean Citizens and North Korean Refugees], 신미녀, 사회과학연구, 19(1), 87-112, , 2010

116. 보건소 보건의료직 종사자들의 감정노동, 자기효능감 및 소진의 관계. [Relationships among Emotional Labor, Self Efficacy, and Burnout of Employees in Public Health Centers], 최현경, 하영미, 양승경, 한국직업건강간호학회지, 25(1), 75-82, , 2016

117. 북한이탈주민 서비스 실무자의 직무만족도 영향요인 연구. [A Study on the Predictive Factors for Job Satisfaction of the Service Providers Working for the North Korean Defectors], 김연희, 김유경, 사회과학연구, 23(4), 167-188, , 2012

118. 경계인 이론을 통한 남한 정착 북한이탈주민 이해에 관한 연구. [A Study on a New Methological Approach for Understanding North Korean Defectors : Focusing on Marginal Man Theory], 윤보영, 사회과학연구, 22(3), 187-216, , 2015

119. 북한이탈주민의 외상 후 스트레스 증상 척도개발 및 타당화 연구. [Validation and Development of a Post-Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale for Dislocated North Koreans in South Korea], 윤여상, 한선영, 김현아, 한국심리학회지 상담 및 심리치료, 19(3), 693-718, , 2007

120. 예비 유아교사의 성격유형과 자기효능감 및 회복탄력성과의 관계. [The Relationships among Personality Types, Self-Efficacy and Resilience in Pre-Service Early Childhood Teacher], 김애경, 어린이미디어연구, 14(3), 231-253, , 2015

121. 일반논문 : 제국주의와 여행서사 -메리 루이스 프랫의 연구를 중심으로. [A Study on Relations between Imperialism and Travel Writings -focusing on Mary Louise Pratt`s Inquiries-], 김남혁, 現代文學理論硏究, 60(-), 131-161, , 2015

122. 일선 복지담당공무원의 회복탄력성이 소진에 미치 는 영향. [The Influence of the Resilience on Burnout of Public Social Worker : Focusing on the Moderating effects of Self-efficacy], 김영환, 이정서, 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌, 23(9), 157-162, , 2018

123. 부정적 정서 조절 방략에 관한 연구. [A study on the negative emotion regulation strategies : Variations in regulation styles related to the kind of emotions and the personal characteristics], 김지현, 장승민, 민경환, 윤석빈, 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 14(2), 1-16, , 2000

124. 북한이탈주민의 심리 상담에 대한 요구도와 전문적 도움 추구 행동. [North Korean defectors counseling needs and the predicting factors for their professional help seeking behavior], 조영아, 한국심리학회지 상담 및 심리치료, 21(1), 285-310, , 2009

125. 사회복지사의 직무환경이 소진에 미치는 영향: 회 복탄력성의 매개효과. [The Effect of Social Worker`s Job Environment on Burnout : Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Resilience], 박재흥, 장용언, 공공정책연구, 36(1), 351-370, , 2019

126. 사회복지서비스기관 일선종사자의자기효능감에 영향을 미치 는 요인에 관한 연구. [The Study on Factors Affecting on Line-Worker's Self-Efficacy in Social Service Organization], 김소정, 한국 사회복지행정학, 8(3), 86-111, , 2006

127. 놀이치료자의 역기능적 완벽주의와 소진과의 관계: 자기효능감의 매개효과. [Relationship of Adverse Perfectionism to Burnout in Play Therapists: Mediating Effects of Self-efficacy], 이승희, 인문사회 21, 9(2), 1011-1024, , 2018

128. 사회복지관 초임 사회복지사의 직업 경험에 관한 현상학적 연구. [Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study on Job Experience of the Beginning Social Worker Working at Community WelfareCenter], 정선욱, 한국사회복지행정학, 7(1), 67-100, , 2005

129. 북한이탈주민의 국가정체성 특징과 결정요인 - 서울 경기 인천지역 거주 북한이탈주민을 대상으로. [Patterns and Determinants of National Identity among North Korean Refugees], 권수현, 홍은정, 통일연구, 22(1), 5-38, , 2018

130. 상담일반 : MMPI검사결과를 통한 새터민의 심리상담적 접근: 가양동 새터민을 중심으로. [Psychological Understanding of Saeteomin through MMPI Results: based on Gayang-Dong Saeteomin], 이장호, 강숙정, 상담학연구, 10(1), 235-250, , 2009

131. 사회복지종사자 에서 정서공감과 소진의 관계: 회복탄력성의 조절효과. [Relationship between Affective Empathy and Burnout Among Social Welfare Workers : Moderating Effects of Resilience], 김성완, 박인후, 강영신, 최승기, 이주연, 오민주, 생물치료정신의학, 26(1), 23-30, , 2020

132. 탈북여성들의 트라우마와 한국사회 정착지원에 관한 현상학적 연구. [The Phenomenological Rsearch of North Korean Women Defector’s Trauma and Resettlement Support of South Korea Community], 최현실, 여성학연구, 21(1), 161-204, , 2011

133. 상담자의 진로소명과 직무만족의 관계: 자기효능감과 직업몰입의 매개효과. [Counselor’s Career Calling and Job Satisfaction: Mediated Effects of Self-Efficacy and Occupational Commitment], 박미진, 학습자중심교과교육연구, 16(8), 879-897, , 2016

134. 사회복지사의 재교육이 소진에 미치는 영 향. [자기효능감의 매개효과를 중심으로]. [The Effects of Social Worker’s Re-education on Burn-out: Focused on Mediating Effect of Self-efficacy], 최정민, 장신재, 모지환, 한국사회복지행정학, 13(2), 125-145, , 2011

135. 홍지은, 이수인, 박미경, 김재민, & 윤진상. 정서공감과 회복탄력성이 상담교사들의 소진에 미치는 영향. [The Effects of Affective Empathy and Resilience on Burnout in School Counselors], 이주연, 김성완, 생물치료정신의학, 22(3), 163-172, , 2016

136. 홍지은, 이수인, 박미경, 김재민, & 윤진상. 정서공감과 회복탄력성이 상담교사들의 소진에 미치는 영향. [The Effects of Affective Empathy and Resilience on Burnout in School Counselors], 이주연, 김성완, 생물치료정신의학, 22(3), 163-172, , 2016

137. 돌봄서비스 노동자들의 노동 경험 연구: 감정노동과 관계적 노동 속성을 중심으로. A study on the labor experiences of care service workers : Focused on emotional labor and relation-based labor, 김송이, 여성연구, 82(1), 103-136, , 2012

138. 북한출신 사회복지사의 실천 경험에 관한 현상학적 연구 -"두 길 사이를 가로놓으며, 함께 살아냄". [A Phenomenological study on the lived experience of North Korean migrant social workers], 김성남, 윤민화, 이민영, 한국가족복지학, 51(-), 7-40, , 2016

139. 종합병원 간호사의 소명의식과 간호전문직관 간의 관계에서 자기효능감의 매개효과. [Mediating Effects of Self-efficacy between Calling and Nursing Professionalism for Nurses in General Hospitals], 김혜원, 한수정, 간호행정학회지, 25(3), 220-228, , 2019

140. 적응유연성 연구의 전망: 개념 및 방법론적 문제와 학교-기반 예방을 위한 시사점. [The promise of resilience research: conceptual and methodological issues and implications for school-based prevention], 신현숙, 교육학연구, 41(2), 431-456, , 2003

141. . 예비유아교사의 자기효능감과 그릿의 관계에서 회복탄력성의 매개효과. [The mediating effect of resilience on the relationship between the self-efficacy and grit of pre-service early childhood teachers], 이미란, 탁정화, 이혜원, 학습자중심교과교육연구, 17(2), 491-512, , 2017

142. 노인요양병원 사회복지사의 대처전략과 직무효능 감이 직무소진에 미치는 영향. [Influences of Coping Strategies and Vocational Self-Efficacy on Burnout among Social Workers in Long-Term Care Hospitals], 양정빈, 김석훈, 한국콘텐츠학회논문지, 17(3), 350-358, , 2017

143. 청소년지도사의 자기효능감과 심리적 소진의 관계 에서 회복탄력성의 매개효과. [The Mediating Effects of Resilience in the Relationship between Youth Workers’ Self-Efficacy and Psychological Burnout], 민희정, 이정아, 청소년시설환경, 17(3), 5-14, , 2019

144. 서비스제공자의 지각된 감정노동이 소진 및 고객 지향성에 미치는 효과. [The Influences of Service Provider’s Emotional Labor on Burnout and Customer Orientation: Moderating Effects of Emotional Intelligence], 김남기, 배병렬, 산업경제연구, 25(1), 497-521, , 2012

145. 자기 효능감, 지각된 지지, 내재적 동기가 성폭력 상담소 종사자의 심리적 소진에 미치는 영향. [Effects of Self-Efficacy, Perceived-fit, and Intrinsic motivation on Burnout of Sexual counsel office staff], 김해숙, 임수진, 한국심리학회지: 여성, 16(4), 461-475, , 2011

146. 음악치료사의 직업적 자기효능감이 이직의도에 미 치는 영향 : 심리적 소진의 매개효과. [The Mediated Effects of Burnout on the Relationships between Career Self-Efficacy and Turnover Intention of Music Therapists], 박진희, 소혜진, 예술심리치료연구, 15(4), 247-269, , 2019

147. 사회복지사의 소진, 감정노동, 외상 후 스트레스에 관한 분석 - 서울특별시 강서구를 중심으로. [An Analysis on the Burnout, Emotional Labor, and Post Traumatic Stress of Social Workers: Foucsed on Kangseo-gu in Seoul], 박승곤, 문성호, 노지혜, 한국지역사회복지학, 0(69), 103-125, , 2019