The statutory system of standing auditors in public institutions is an internal control mechanism and a check on management designed to ensure managerial accountability to the public and the government by reviewing the legality and efficiency of the i...
The statutory system of standing auditors in public institutions is an internal control mechanism and a check on management designed to ensure managerial accountability to the public and the government by reviewing the legality and efficiency of the institution’s operations. However, standing auditors have been continuously criticized for not fully performing these roles and for being appointed on political grounds in the selection process. This study starts from this problem awareness and aims to examine the level of professional expertise of standing auditors and the actual status of political appointments. To this end, we constructed “person–term” panel data for standing auditors in state-owned enterprises and quasi-governmental institutions who received performance evaluations between 2017 and 2024, and analyzed, using descriptive statistics and regression analysis, how their prior careers and appointment backgrounds are related to their terms in office and performance. At the same time, we examined whether standing auditors have in fact come to function better over time and whether criticism of political appointments has been mitigated. The analysis showed that the average term of standing auditors was 2.43 years, slightly above the statutory two-year term; about 71% left office at term expiration, about 23% served for three years or longer, and about 6% left before their term expired. Overall, a term structure centered on completion of the full term had become established, but among non-experts we observed “polarization of terms,” with both early termination and long-term reappointment occurring at high rates. In terms of appointments, despite a continued overall lack of specialization, a depoliticization trend was observed in the latter half of the 19th administration and a bureaucratization trend under the 20th administration, indicating that political bias in appointments has been partially alleviated. By type of institution, public enterprises had a high proportion of non-experts, whereas quasi-governmental institutions had a relatively high proportion of subject-matter experts. In terms of performance, audit professionals outperformed non-experts on both job performance and audit competence scores, and we observed positive signs that the system is maturing in a direction of “functioning better,” such as overall upward stabilization of the absolute levels of both indicators over time. Regression analysis showed that institution size (assets) was a main determinant of performance, and when assets were controlled for, the performance disadvantage of non-experts was greatly mitigated but not completely eliminated. The interaction effect between size and expertise was not statistically clear, suggesting that size contributes to performance in a separate dimension rather than substituting for the effect of professional expertise. The negative effect of political career background on performance was significant only in certain periods and types of institutions, such as public enterprises under the 18th administration, and was limited otherwise. These results suggest three key pillars for improving the performance of standing auditors: first, appointment based on professional expertise, centered on audit professionals and subject-matter experts relevant to the institution’s work; second, standardized capacity-building support for resource-poor institutions; and third, refinement of term management and replacement principles tailored to the type and function of each institution. Furthermore, there is a need to further refine the current evaluation system so that the performance of individual standing auditors can be more rigorously measured separately from the unique context of their institutions. In addition, the fact that this study constructed panel data linking the appointment, term, and performance of standing auditors at the “person–term” level and redefined their career backgrounds along the dual axes of professional expertise and appointment channel will provide a basis for empirically testing future discussions on improving the appointment, tenure, and evaluation systems for standing auditors.