萬曆 연간 福建 海防과 南澳 기지 구축 = Maritime defense in Fujian and fortification of Nan'ao Island in the Wanli reign

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In Jiajing reign, pirates led by Wang Zhi(王直) was repelled by Ming forces, and remnants succeeded to escape to the coast of Fujian(福建) and reorganize. Hong Dizhen(洪迪珍), who was one of Wang’s companions, led them to plunder coastal towns in the vicinity of Zhangzhou(漳州) and later moved their base to Nan’ao(南澳), which was an island located near the boundary between Fujian and Guangdong(廣東). Many pirates emerged Nan’ao, Zhao'an(詔安), and Chaozhou(潮州).
In 1573, Liu Yaohui(劉堯誨), the grand coordinator and provincial governor of Fujian, began to suppress them. In 1574, he declared completion of the operation. After that he began to fortify Yunxiao(雲霄), which was located between Zhangzhou and Zhao’an. Liu then reinforced Nan’ao in cooperation with officials of Guangdong province, including mutual provision, disposion of troops and ships, and payment for salaries.
Liu tried to impose a trade tax on ships passing by or entering Nan’ao, which he failed to put into practice. He might have inspired by his policy, whereby he imposed taxes on trade ships which regularly sailed from Yuegang(月港), a port in Haicheng county(海澄縣), to overseas and returned to the same port. Officials such as Liu, Tan Lun(譚綸), and Zhang Juzheng(張居正), who were outsiders to Fujian communities, shared the notion that one local authority could impose taxes on trade ships and goods to supplement supplies and finances related to maritime defense and security of Fujian.
And it was associated with Liu’s concept of Wokou(倭寇), Japanese pirates. In 1556, he was appointed a censor of the Ministry of Law in the Nanjing(南京) court. And he witnessed the reality of Wokou, most of which indeed consisted of local natives. He believed that it was also the case for Fujian. In fact, Liu intended to sever ties between local officials and communities in coastal towns, which were referred to the exacerbating factor of the Wokou in the southeastern coast of China.

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