This study aims at investigating broadcasting journalists' perception of journalism fairness. Broadcasting journalism fairness has been comprehensively discussed in the field of journalism, and the debates on journalism fairness have been intensified ...
This study aims at investigating broadcasting journalists' perception of journalism fairness. Broadcasting journalism fairness has been comprehensively discussed in the field of journalism, and the debates on journalism fairness have been intensified lately by the development of PD journalism. PD journalism, on one hand, has received positive responses, in that it seeks underlying truth of facts, and on the other hand, it has received criticism because opinions of program directors which are excessively reflected in their programs can negatively affect the truth. Despite extensive debates on journalism fairness, it still remains open questions how broadcasting journalists themselves - either news reporters or program directors - perceive journalism fairness, how journalism fairness is perceived differently according to the two role-perceptions of journalists, observers or advocates, and whether there is any relation between two occupations of journalist and two role-perceptions of journalists. To answer these three research questions, this study conducted a survey in which both news reporters and program directors participated in, and in-depth interviews and focus-group interviews were also conducted for thorough analysis on this topic.According to the results on the first question, factors which news reporters believed affect journalism fairness in making television programs are different from those of program directors. To see more specifically, first, program directors show a higher tendency of 'factualness' about journalism fairness than news reporters do. This is because news reporters emphasize less on 'factualness' factor due to the limited time assigned for programs and their close relationship with news sources, whereas program directors rely more on 'factualness' factor due to the long duration of their programs, which requires more 'factualness' in order to keep consistency.Second, the conventional belief that news reporters should keep objectivity of journalism when dealing with news programs leads them to place more importance on the two factors, 'balance' and 'impartiality'.Third, 'contextulization' - understanding a fact within a whole context - more strongly affected program directors than news reporters in perceiving journalism fairness. This is because program directors are expected to keep track of 'truth' for their programs, which in turn leads them to consider the connection of the individual facts with a whole story.Fourth, 'diversification' can be accomplished by different approaches between news reporters and program directors. News reporters fulfill 'diversification' by discussing and contemplating news among other reporters, while program directors do this by expanding program sources to issues of the weak and the minority.Fifth, in terms of 'autonomy', news reporters answered that although they practice in-house screening procedures for objectivity of journalism, they can accomplish broadcasting 'autonomy' by keeping their organization independent from interference of other interest groups. Contrarily, program directors thought that protecting individual program directors from outside interference and pressure enables them to accomplish 'autonomy'.As of the second research question - how journalism fairness is perceived differently according to the two role-perceptions of journalists, observers or advocates, the results are assumed quite similar to those of the first question, since most news reporters are, according to the survey, regarded as observers, and program directors as advocates.Finally, to see the third question - the relation between two occupations of journalist and perception of two roles, news reporters tend to see themselves as observers, while program directors as advocates when making programs. These different self-perceptions between two groups also influence their different perceptions of journalism fairness.In summary, program directors consider 'factualness' and 'contextualization' as significant factors for journalism fairness, whereas 'balance' and 'impartiality' factors are important to news reporters. Moreover, program directors are regarded as advocates, while news reporters are considered as observers.From the results of this study, we now can grasp the differences between news reporters' journalism and that of program directors, and also can understand which factors are considered important by news reporters and program directors respectively, in perceiving journalism fairness. This study also provides chances to reflect on and overcome the superficial understanding of conventional journalism, and in turn enables journalists to become aware of their identities in journalism. Both journalists' perceptions of fairness have an inevitable relation with journalism fairness debates which Korean broadcasting journalism faces. In fact, news reporters and program directors make their programs based on their own perception of journalism fairness, which accordingly has triggered overall debates on Korean broadcasting journalism. Therefore, there is a great need to narrow the gap between two groups, and this can be achieved only through mutual understanding and communications by journalists themselves.