모래놀이치료가 ADHD 성인의 우울과 자아존중감 및 대인관계에 미치는 효과 = The Effect of Sandplay Therapy on ADHD adults with Depression, Self-esteem, and Personal Relationship

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study the type of relation between ADHD, depression, self-esteem and personal relationships have been experimented on a group of university students. In addition, tested the effects of sandplay therapy on the depression, self-esteem and personal relationships of an adult with ADHD symptoms.
This study was based on 1,500 university students from two universities located in Choong Cheong Do. The first step was to collect data taken from the survey that was conducted between 1 September 2009 to 1 October 2009. Among them only the data from 1,419 where used and the other 81 insincere reply was excluded. 8 students who scored top 20% on the scale for Conners' ADHD rating and depression and also top 20% among the lower scores on the scale for personal relationship and self-esteem in the statistical result that wanted consultation were chosen as the experimental group. In addition, 8 more students who conducted the survey were chosen as the control group. Starting from October to December 2009, the experimental group individually took the sandplay therapy once a week for 12 weeks, 45 minutes each. To prove the effect of the experiment, scales developed by Conners, Erhardt & Sparrow(1999) and adapted by Kim Ho Young(2005) as Conners' ADHD rating scale Korean version(CAARS-K), Beck's Depression Inventory(BDI) adapted by Lee Young Ho and Song Jong Yong(1991), self-esteem scale developed by Rosenberg(1965) and adapted by Jeon Byeong Je(1974) as Self-Esteem Scale(SES) and Relationship Change Scale(RCS) developed by Schlin & Guerney(1971) and adapted by Lee Hyung Duk and Moon Sun Mo(1980) were used before and after the therapy. After the sandplay therapy was conducted 12 times, Sandplay Categorical Checklist(SCC) by Grubbs(1997) was used to analyze the quality of the result.
The summary of this study by each problem is as below.
First of all, the results on the relationship between adult ADHD and depression, self-esteem and personal relationships is that those with a high rate of ADHD also has a high rate of depression, low self-esteem and finds personal relationships difficult.
Second, after the sandplay therapy, the depression on the experimental group has decreased whereas no significant difference was shown on the control group. This proves that the sandplay therapy is effective in decreasing depression on the adult with ADHD.
Third, after the sandplay therapy, though a significant increase on self-esteem was shown on the experimental group, no significant difference was shown on the control group. This proves that the sandplay therapy is effective in increasing self-esteem on the adult with ADHD.

Fourth, after the sandplay therapy, though a significant change on the rate in personal relationships were shown on the experimental group, no significant change was shown on the control group. This proves that the sandplay therapy is effective in changing personal relationships on the adult with ADHD.
Fifth, though the students were confused and found it difficult to face their emotions, as the therapy progressed the students opened up and faced their problems more objectively. They tried connecting their unconsciousness and consciousness through the sandplay therapy, stimulating their inner energy that strengthens the ego and forms a positive mind. By freely expressing and reestablishing their emotions and confused inner self, the experimental group was able to decrease depression, increase self-esteem and change personal relationships.
Upon the results shown above, adults with ADHD are going through depression, low self-esteem and difficulties in personal relationships. However, with the sandplay therapy, a positive effect on these symptoms were monitored. Though adult's with ADHD have been struggling with depression and difficulties in personal relationships due to the persisting low self-esteem, through the sandplay therapy, they were able to open their hearts to the therapist and express their emotions and feelings that have been suppressed. By experiencing their unconsciousness, they were able to combine both their conscious and unconscious world and improve their self-esteem as well as view their reality objectively. A positive self-image effected their ability to embrace and view others which lead to a change in personal relationships.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 표목차
• 논문개요
• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1
• 2. 연구문제 6
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 7
• 1. ADHD 7
• 2. ADHD 성인의 우울 11
• 3. ADHD 성인의 자아존중감 12
• 4. ADHD 성인의 대인관계 14
• 5. ADHD 성인의 모래놀이치료 15
• 1) ADHD 성인의 모래놀이치료 15
• 2) 모래상자의 해석 18
• Ⅲ. 연구방법 24
• 1. 연구대상 24
• 2. 측정도구 25
• 1) Conners' 성인 ADHD 평정척도-한국판 25
• 2) Beck 우울 척도 26
• 3) 자아존중감 척도 26
• 4) 대인관계변화척도 26
• 5) 모래놀이 범주 체크리스트 27
• 3. 연구절차 28
• 4. 자료처리 29
• Ⅳ. 결과 및 해석 30
• 1. 양적분석 30
• 2. 질적분석 35
• Ⅴ. 논의 및 결론 47
• 1. 요약 및 논의 47
• 2. 연구의 제한점 및 제언 51
• 참고문헌 53
• 부록 64