『마의상법』에 근거한 조선시대 초상화와 인성의 연관성 연구 = A Study on the Relationship between Portraits and Personality in the Joseon Dynasty Based on the Mayi Xiangfa（麻衣相法）

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Ph. D. Thesis

A Study on the Relationship between Portraits and Personality in the Joseon Dynasty Based on the Mayi Xiangfa（麻衣相法）

Choi Jeong-won

Department of Philosophy
Graduate School
Yeungnam University
（Supervised by Professor Dr. Choi Jae-Mok）

Abstract


The purpose of this paper is to analyze the physiognomy and personality of portraits from the Joseon Dynasty to elucidate their interrelationship. Twelve figures from Joseon Dynasty portraits were selected as subjects for this study, and their physiognomy and personality were analyzed by type. The results of the study are as follows. The physiognomy of the 12 figures in the Joseon Dynasty portraits was analyzed by type based on the GwaninPalbeop（『觀人八法』）. The application of the Eight Principles of Official Physiognomy revealed that the Cheongsu（淸秀） type, characteristic of scholars or officials,was the most common. Analysis of the Ogwan（五官） generally indicated predictions of a destiny marked by wealth, high office, fame, longevity, talent, and erudition, as well as interpretations of character traits such as benevolence, integrity, loyalty, and uprightness. Furthermore, the Twelve Palaces（十二宮） indicated that the physiognomy of most subjects in the portraits was interpreted as favorable.

Personality analysis was classified and discussed according to the following types: the Compassionate Type, the Modest Type, the Reserved Type, and the Controversial Type. The results of the verification of the usefulness of the physiognomy theory in the Mayi Xiangfa（『麻衣相法』） showed that fate predictions and personality interpretations based on this theory demonstrated a high degree of accuracy, with the two largely aligning. The significance of this high accuracy in both the theory and practice of physiognomy confirms that the Mayi Xiangfa（『麻衣相法』） is a useful text in the field of physiognomy. The results of the discussion on the relationship between physiognomy and character can be summarized as follows: ① In physiognomy, features that indicate a favorable destiny are also interpreted as indicating a good character. ② Among the physiognomy theories in the Mayi Xiangfa（『麻衣相法』）, the the GwaninPalbeop（『觀人八法』） provides the basis for character interpretation and can be considered a key theory illustrating the connection between physiognomy and character. ③ The Ogwan（五官） are most closely associated with the interpretation of character, providing the most concrete analysis of character among physiognomic theories. ④ It was revealed that personality types are closely associated with the elements of the Four Virtues and, in the physiognomic interpretation of personality, with the Eight Methods of the Official Seal and the Five Organs. Upon discussing the characteristics and significance of the connection between physiognomy and personality, the essential features of the physiognomic theory presented in the Mayi Xiangfa（『麻衣相法』） are: ① a symbolic system of meaning, ② understanding from a socio-cultural perspective, ③ overall harmony and balance, and ④ a focus on the inner mind. The significance of the interpretation and application of character lies in the fact that ① the character interpretation in the Mayi Xiangfa（『麻衣相法』） is a useful attempt to elucidate the connection between physiognomy and character; ② it has the effect of focusing on the inner self to identify virtue, practice virtue, and guide individuals toward becoming truly human; ③ it prevents the misuse of the Mayi Xiangfa（『麻衣相法』） through mistranslation for magical purposes and provides criteria for cultivating character, and ④ it presents a research method suitable for iconographic studies by applying the Mayi Xiangfa（『麻衣相法』） to the iconography of portraits.
As emphasized in the Mayi Xiangfa（『麻衣相法』）, focusing on the mental images inherent in human beings can be viewed as equivalent to the cultivation of character through “self-cultivation and the ordering of society（修己治人）”, a principle emphasized in Confucianism. Therefore, since both physiognomy theory and Confucian character theory pursue a fundamental inquiry into human virtue and the cultivation of character, this study emphasizes that physiognomy and character are closely interrelated. Furthermore, by presenting a complementary theory of fate in physiognomy, the study clarifies that determinism and the theory of free will are positions that complement and accommodate one another.

Keywords: Mayi Xiangfa（『麻衣相法』）, physiognomy, character, portrait, Confucianism

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• 1. 연구의 목적과 의의 1
• 2. 선행 연구 분석 4
• 3. 연구 범위와 방법 8
• Ⅱ. 초상화의 관상과 인성 분석을 위한 기초 검토 11
• 1. 조선시대 초상화 11
• 1) 조선시대 초상화의 개념과 분류 11
• 2) 조선시대 초상화의 의미와 특성 14
• 3) 초상화의 관상과 인성 분석 의미 17
• 2. 관상과 『마의상법』 20
• 1) 관상의 정의와 상법의 역사 20
• 2) 『마의상법』의 성립과 전개 24
• 3) 『마의상법』의 구성과 주요내용 27
• 3. 유학의 인성론과 인성 유형 29
• 1) 선진 유학의 인성론 29
• 2) 사단과 인성 유형 31
• 3) 인성 유형별 관상학적 해석의 의미 32
• 4. 소결 34
• Ⅲ. 조선시대 초상화의 관상 분석 36
• 1. 초상화의 도상과 관상 이론 36
• 1) 초상화 선정과 도상 분석 절차 36
• 2) 초상화 관상 분석의 핵심 이론 38
• 2. 초상화 인물의 유형별 관상 분석 52
• 1) 위맹형 52
• 2) 후중형 55
• 3) 청수형 57
• 4) 고괴형 61
• 3. 소결 63
• Ⅳ. 초상화 인물의 인성 분석 65
• 1. 인성 유형과 분석 방법 65
• 1) 인성 유형 분석 근거와 내용 65
• 2) 인성 분석 모형과 적용 66
• 2. 초상화 인물의 유형별 인성 분석 67
• 1) 측은형 67
• 2) 수오형 79
• 3) 사양형 88
• 4) 시비형 99
• 3 소결 117
• Ⅴ. 관상과 인성의 연관성 119
• 1. 『마의상법』의 관상 이론 유용성 검증 119
• 1) 초상화 인물별 관상의 이론과 실제 119
• 2) 관상 이론과 인성 해석의 연관성 129
• 2. 관상과 인성 연관성의 특징과 의의 133
• 1) 관상 분석의 본질적 특징 133
• 2) 인성 해석과 적용의 의의 138
• 3. 심상의 의미와 상보성 운명론 141
• 1) 심과 심상의 관상학적 의미 141
• 2) 관상의 상보성 운명론 145
• 4. 소결 148
• Ⅵ. 결론 150
• 1. 연구의 요약 150
• 2. 연구의 한계 및 향후과제 152
• 참 고 문 헌 155
• 부 록 164
• 영 문 초 록 214