아동의 인지적·정서적 공감 능력과 사회적 행동 간의 관계 = The Relation of Cognitive and Emotional Empathy to Social Behaviors in Korean Children

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study examined the relationship of cognitive and emotional empathy with social behaviors, in a sample of 53 10–12–year-old Korean children. Cognitive empathy was measured by a battery of theory of mind tasks. Emotional empathy was measured by facial mimicry response, based on the assumption that emotional contagion by facial mimicry is a key factor in emotional empathy. Facial mimicry scores were calculated using the facial EMG activity in the zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii muscle during exposure to dynamic happy and sad expressions. In addition, children’s empathy and social behaviors were assessed by self-report questionnaires, such as the IRI, BEI, and EQ-C. The mind-reading scores were not correlated with the cognitive empathy subscale scores. In contrast, the facial mimicry scores, which were the differences in mean muscle activity at the zygomaticus major between exposure to happy and sad expressions, were positively correlated with the emotional empathy subscale scores. Facial mimicry scores and mind-reading scores predicted different aspects of pro-social behaviors. The present results demonstrated the dissociation between cognitive and emotional empathy.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

인지공감과 정서공감이 각각 친사회적 행동 및 공격행동과 어떤 형태로 관련되는지를 초등학교 4∼6학년 아동을 대상으로 연구하였다. 인지공감은 상대방의 생각이나 관점, 정서를 이해하는 능력이므로 상대방의 행동과 말에서 생각을 추론하는 생각읽기 과제와 표정에서 정서를 읽는 정서읽기 과제로 측정하였다. 정서공감의 초기단계는 상대방의 표정을 자동적으로 모방함으로써 동일한 정서를 경험하게 되는 정서전염이므로, 얼굴표정에 대한 안면모방 반응으로 정서공감을 측정하였다. 기쁜 표정과 슬픈 표정을 짓는 동영상을 볼 때의 추미근과 대협골근의 근전도(EMG)를 측정하여, 근전도 패턴이 제시된 표정과 일치하는 정도를 안면모방 점수로 사용하였다. IRI, EQ-C 및 Bryant 척도로 공감능력을, 친사회적 행동 척도와 공격성 척도로 사회적 행동을 평가하였다. 생각읽기와 정서읽기는 공감척도의 인지공감 요인과 유의한 상관이 없었으나, 웃을 때 수축하는 대협골근 반응이 슬픈 표정보다 기쁜 표정 자극에서 더 큰 정도(대협골근 모방)는 공감척도의 정서공감 요인과 정적 상관이 있었다. 안면모방과 생각읽기가 공격성을 예언하지는 못하였으나 친사회성의 서로 다른 측면을 예언하였다. 이는 인지공감과 정서공감이 사회적 행동에 서로 다르게 관련됨을 보여준다.

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