This study empirically examines how government relations activities directed at the U.S. federal government by U.S. and non-U.S. firms affect corporate financial performance, an issue of both academic and practical importance. Prior economic research ...
This study empirically examines how government relations activities directed at the U.S. federal government by U.S. and non-U.S. firms affect corporate financial performance, an issue of both academic and practical importance. Prior economic research on related topics has largely evolved around collective action theory, public choice theory, stakeholder theory, and regulatory capture theory. Since the 2000s, the accumulation of quantitative data on corporate political activity—such as lobbying reports and campaign contribution records—has enabled a growing body of empirical work on the characteristics and effects of corporate lobbying and political contributions.
Building on this literature, the present study incorporates the liability of foreignness framework to analyze how the qualitative attributes of lobbying and political contributions differentially affect financial performance depending on whether a firm is U.S.-headquartered or foreign. In doing so, it identifies both the limitations and potential of non-U.S. firms’ political activities in the United States and derives implications for the formulation of their U.S. government-relations strategies.
As explanatory variables, the analysis uses corporate lobbying expenditures directed at the U.S. federal government disclosed under the Lobbying Disclosure Act (LDA), together with political contributions made through corporate Political Action Committees (PACs) recorded by the Federal Election Commission (FEC), for the period 2011–2019. Financial performance is measured using firm-level financial data for the full sample and, separately, for large manufacturing firms with annual sales exceeding USD 3 billion. The empirical strategy relies on lagged panel models estimated via maximum likelihood and structural equation modeling.
The results show, first, that the impact of lobbying expenditures on financial performance is stronger for non-U.S. firms than for U.S. firms, despite the institutional constraints foreign firms face. In both the full sample and the large manufacturing subsample, the effect of lobbying is consistently larger for non-U.S. firms. One-period lagged lobbying expenditures significantly improve the financial performance of non-U.S. firms, whereas the same expenditures exert a consistently negative effect for U.S. firms. Moreover, the magnitude of these effects varies by the firm’s choice of government-relations strategy—such as the share of congressional lobbying and the reliance on in-house lobbying—suggesting that the financial returns to lobbying depend critically on how government-relations activities are configured.
Second, when political contributions accompany lobbying, lobbying expenditures tend to have a positive effect on financial performance for both U.S. and non-U.S. firms. In particular, the interaction between PAC use and lobbying indicates that non-U.S. firms experience enhanced lobbying returns when they employ PACs, implying that PACs can serve as a complementary lobbying instrument for both U.S. and foreign firms.
Third, an examination of the combined financial effect of lobbying and political contributions reveals that, for U.S. firms, political contributions strengthen the returns to lobbying, whereas for non-U.S. firms they tend to weaken them. Although non-U.S. firms exhibit relatively strong standalone effects of lobbying, the effectiveness of their lobbying diminishes within a composite strategy in which PACs are introduced as a moderating factor. This suggests that, even when non-U.S. firms use PACs, limited institutional understanding and constraints in executing PAC-based government-relations strategies prevent them from realizing the anticipated synergistic benefits.
Finally, PAC contributions themselves exert a negative effect on the financial performance of non-U.S. firms. This finding is consistent with political science perspectives that view PAC contributions less as profit-generating investments and more as cost-like expenditures aimed at maintaining relationships with policymakers, insuring against political uncertainty, and securing symbolic presence within political networks. Such functions may matter for the long-term management of a firm’s institutional environment but are only weakly reflected in quantitative indicators of financial performance and, on average, may manifest more strongly as costs than as benefits, as observed in this study.
By comparing the effectiveness of lobbying and political contributions for U.S. and non-U.S. firms, this study demonstrates that the qualitative configuration of government-relations strategies—such as lobbying channels, lobbying targets, and the use of political contributions—has significant implications for corporate performance, contingent on firm nationality. In particular, the findings suggest that non-U.S. firms can enhance the effectiveness of their lobbying by strengthening congressional access strategies, maintaining an appropriate level of in-house government-relations capacity, and making selective use of PACs, while recognizing the need to improve their overall capability to design and implement integrated strategies that combine lobbying and political contributions. The study thus extends stakeholder and regulatory capture theories from a global corporate perspective and, in practical terms, offers strategic guidance for strengthening the U.S.-facing government-relations capabilities of non-U.S. firms, including those from countries such as Korea.