高麗時代 石棺 硏究 = A Study on sarcophagus in Goryeo Dynasty

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The culture of graves is relatively less volatile culture among the diverse cultures which human made, and it has obvious regionality and contemporary characteristic. The sort of tombs in Goryeo period is classified as pit burial, stone-lined chamber, stone chamber tombs, and stone-cist tomb(sarcophagus), and only sarcophagus was made by clay slate. Sarcophagus were used after secondary burial(洗骨葬) or cremation. Sarcophagus in the period of Goryeo dynasty was built by assembling six slates and was embossed or engraved with the patterns of the Four Deities(四神), the Twelve Zodiac Animals(Twelve Calendrical Animal, 十二支神), peony, lotus, and Flying Apsaras(Flying Deva, 飛天) and the record of the owner of the tomb. In this sense, sarcophagus is the most outstanding material among art history, costume history, folklore, and funeral arts including epitaph related to history, literature, and caligraphy. Nevertheless, it hasn't received attention yet from the art history.
Existing research results show the method of funeral or ideological foundations about sarcophagus, or deal with only one example individually. Therefore this study tried to illuminate the art-historical value of sarcophagus, examining the origin of sarcophagus and the position of the owner of the tomb who chose the sarcophagus and analyzing the structures and motifs of sarcophagus.
First, about the origin of sarcophagus, stone-cist tombs and cremation tombs which existed before the period of Goryeo dynasty and sacrophagus in China were examined. Cremation tombs in the period of Unified Silla were chosen by the part of ruling class such as the royal family, Buddhist monks, and the Yookdoopoom(六頭品) mainly in the royal district, and they could be classified into burial urn, stone case, stone-lined chamber, and stone cist. Burial accessories were the earthen image of the Twelve Zodiac Animals(Twelve Calendrical Animal, 十二支神), bronze ingots, scraps of iron, and so on. On examination of Chinese stone cist, funeral arts on a variety of subjects such as the Four Deities(四神), the Twelve Zodiac Animals(Twelve Calendrical Animal, 十二支神), procession had already been developed since the Han period, and the form that the pattern of the Four Deities(四神) and the Twelve Zodiac Animals(Twelve Calendrical Animal, 十二支神) are engraven was not changed though the expressions were different. The important thing is that the epitaphs of Goryeo made of the same quality of the material of sarcophagus was produced before the period when sarcophagus of Goryeo was emerged, and among those epitaphs, the oldest things which inherited until now are the epitaphs of Chae In-beom and Yu Ji-seong who were naturalized from China. In addition to them, some naturalized people were engaged in ritual work in the central government, and the fact that the regulations about funeral in Goryeo were organized at that time can be found in the records. Through this, the origin of sarcophagus is assumed that it was developed from the cremation tomb chosen by some ruling class of Unified Silla and changed to ornament the Four Deities(四神) or the Twelve Zodiac Animals(Twelve Calendrical Animal, 十二支神) on the four wall stones by emboss or petrogram under the Chinese influence. Also, the status of the owner is analyzed by investigating the outside and the inside of sarcophagus or the epitaph produced separately and attached to sarcophagus. In the case of 23 examples of 45 sarcophagi which have examined until now, the owner of sarcophagus can be identified. On investigation of the owners focused on the process of holding the government position, final position, and the family, they held the government position through the state examinations, the protected appointments, or making a contribution, and stayed over the fifth grade of office. Most of them belonged to hereditary aristocracy including famous royal in-law families. Judging from this, the fact that cremation tomb of Unified Silla was turned into the way of culture which was enjoyed by hereditary aristocracy under the influence of China in the period of Goryeo. The evidence of this is the similar periods in which hereditary aristocracy was built and in which sarcophagus emerged.
The structure of sarcophagus consist of the foundation stone which plays a role of floor, wall stones which compose the four sides with four slates, and cover stone. The assembling methods are largely classified into two methods: the structure style and the joint style. The structure style is inserting the part of wall stones into the ring or hole made in each other, and the joint style is interlocking the long wall stones into the shallow grooves which is cut on the short wall stones vertically. Images are generally ornamented on the outside and the inside of four wall stones and cover stone as the raised carving or the petrogram. On the outside of wall stones are mainly decorated the Four Deities(四神) and the Twelve Zodiac Animals(Twelve Calendrical Animal, 十二支神), and on the inside of wall stones are the peony motifs. The images of lotus, Flying Apsaras(Flying Deva, 飛天) and constellations are carved on the cover stone. These images are only different in terms of forms, and similar to general subject decorated on burial system in Korea or on Goryeo Celadon and the object of metal craft at that time. In this respect, sarcophagus shows simultaneously universal arts and funeral arts of Goryeo.
Sarcophagus was produced actively in the early and middle period of the twelfth century, and the appearance of style and shape was somewhat multiple. However, the amount of sarcophagus was definitely decreased since Goryeo military regime. In this regard, the estimation can be arised that there were two backgrounds. First, because hereditary aristocracy which mainly selected sarcophagus loose their footing at the central government, their culture changed. Second, due to the introduction of Neo-confucianism, Buddhist funeral system was prohibited and burial place was also changed from temple to one's own house. This seemed to cause sarcophagus to decline and moreover become extinct. This is in the same vein of trend of thrifty tombs rather than lavish tombs in East Asia in the fourteenth century.
Under the influence of Buddhist burial system inherited from the period of Unified Silla and of foreign culture, the only prefabricated tomb type of Goryeo formed, and due to the introduction of Confucianism, the tomb type disappeared. In this sense, the sarcophagus style is a typical example to demonstrate the process where material culture is built and disappears naturally in human living..

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말 1
• Ⅱ. 高麗時代 石棺의 起源과 性格 4
• 1. 高麗時代 石棺의 起源 4
• 2. 墓主의 身分 12
• Ⅲ. 高麗時代 石棺의 構造와 文樣 19
• 1. 高麗時代 石棺의 構造 19
• 1) 結構式 21
• 2) 結合式 23
• 2. 文樣의 形態와 象徵性 30
• 1) 四神 30
• 2) 十二支神 38
• 3) 飛天 42
• 4) 其他 44
• Ⅳ. 高麗時代 石棺의 時代 變遷과 重要性 50
• 1. 高麗時代 石棺의 編年과 特性 50
• 1) 前期 51
• 2) 後期 60
• 2. 高麗時代 石棺의 重要性 68
• Ⅴ. 맺음말 71
• 參 考 文 獻 74
• 表 目錄 90
• 揷 圖 目 錄 91
• 圖 版 目 錄 94
• 圖 版 111
• 附 錄 161
• ABSTRACT 166