출산과 양육을 경험한 여성의 자아실현과 모녀 관계 상호성 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study focuses on the self-realization and the mutuality of mother-daughter relationships of women who have experienced childbirth and early parenting. In this study, in-depth interviews were conducted with eight women who were continuing to work or study about their experiences of self-actualization and the mutuality of mother-daughter relationships, and the data were analyzed using Giorgi's phenomenological qualitative research method. Based on in-depth interviews with eight research participants, the essential meaning of women's self-realization experience and the mutuality of mother-daughter relationships was analyzed using phenomenological research methods. As a result, 118 central meanings, 31 themes, and 6 Essential themes were derived. The answers to the questions of this study are as follows.
First, there was a change in the life goals that women wanted to achieve as they experienced pregnancy, childbirth, and early parenting. but the essential meaning of this was ‘I want to live as I am’. Second, the participants’ self-realization experience was ‘wanting to be confident’ and ‘life balance’. Third, women’s experience of mother-daughter relationships is ‘inner fulfillment’ and ‘re-experience of maternal care’. Fourth, women tried to ‘endure the situation’ alone during the process of pregnancy, childbirth, and early parenting. Education and emotional care for women are needed to increase their understanding and adaptation.
In this study, we define self-realization of women in adulthood and discuss at the individual, social, and institutional levels for active parenting cooperation between individuals and society from pregnancy to parenting. In addition, at the level of pastoral care, care for women is requested based on relational reciprocity among individuals, families, churches, and society.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 여성의 임신과 출산 그리고 초기 양육 시기에 주목하여, 자아실현 및 어머니와의 관계적 상호성 경험을 탐구한다. 한국은 최근 몇 년간 지속적인 출산율 감소로 인하여 국가적 차원에서의 저출산 대응 대책으로 여성의 자아실현 등 삶의 질을 제고하는 패러다임 전환이 요청되고 있다. 시대적으로 여성의 자아실현은 여성 개인의 삶뿐 아니라 저출산과 같은 사회적 현상을 풀어내는 실마리로써도 매우 중요한 연구 주제이다. 그러나 성인기 여성의 자아실현 연구가 많지 않고, 특히 임신과 출산, 양육 시기에의 여성 자아실현 연구는 대단히 미비하다. 본 연구에서는 임신과 출산 그리고 양육이 여성의 삶에서 어떻게 경험되고 있는지에 관심을 두고 있다. 특별히 어머니와의 관계 상호성을 바탕으로 자아실현하려는 여성의 체험 본질에 주목하고자 하였다.
본 연구에서는 일 또는 학업을 지속하고 있는 여성 8명을 대상으로 자아실현과 모녀 관계 경험에 대한 심층 인터뷰를 진행하여 자료를 수집하였다. Giorgi의 현상학적 질적 연구 방법을 사용하여 연구 참여자들의 개별적 체험에 따른 상황적 의미와 참여자 전체의 공통적 특성에 따른 일반적 의미를 기술하고 중심의미에 대한 참여자들의 공통점과 차이점을 기술하였다. 본 연구 주제에 관한 참여자들의 일상적 세계에서 경험하는 다양한 일상적 경험의 본질적 구조를 탐구하며, 여성과 어머니의 관계성이 임신과 출산, 초기 양육 과정이라는 시기에 여성 자아실현에 어떠한 영향을 그 본질을 밝히고자 하였다.
8명의 연구 참여자들의 심층 면담을 토대로 하여 ‘어머니와의 관계 상호성을 바탕으로 여성의 자아실현 경험의 본질적 의미에 대하여 현상학적 연구 방법으로 분석한 결과, 118개의 중심의미와 31개의 주제, 그리고 6개의 본질적 주제가 도출되었다. 여성이 직업 또는 학업으로 이루고자 하는 삶의 목표는 무엇인가? 여성의 임신∙출산 및 초기 양육 과정에서의 자아실현에 관한 경험은 어떠했는가? 여성이 임신. 출산 및 초기 양육 과정에서의 모녀 관계 경험은 어떠했으며, 그 경험이 자아실현에 미치는 영향은 무엇인가? 임신∙출산 및 초기 양육 과정에서 지속적으로 자아실현을 추구하고자 하는 여성들에 대한 상담코칭적 돌봄은 무엇인가? 에 대한 연구 질문을 토대로 하여 연구 결과를 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 여성은 임신과 출산 그리고 양육을 경험하며 이루고 싶은 삶의 목표에 변화가 있었지만, 그에 대한 본질적 의미는‘나다운 모습으로 살아가고 싶음’이었다. 참여자들은 자신의 커리어에 대한 염려가 있었지만, 일 또는 학업을 지속하면서 타인의 인정과 성취감을 얻고, 즐거움을 발견하며 자연스러운 나의 모습 그대로, ‘나’로 살고자 했다. 참여자들에게 자아실현은 ‘나 다운 나’로 살아가는 것이었다. 둘째, 참여자들의 자아실현 경험은‘당당하고 싶음’,‘삶의 균형’이었다. 참여자들은 임신과 출산, 양육이라는 상황에서 신체적, 정서적으로 어려움을 겪기도 했지만, 묵묵히 자신의 삶을 살아가면서, 자신의 할 수 있는 최선을 다하여 현재에 충실하고, 삶의 균형을 찾아가는 과정에서 만족감을 찾고자 하였다. 셋째, 여성의 모녀 관계 경험은 ‘내적 충만감’,‘모성적 돌봄의 재경험’이다. 특히나 ‘모의 양육에의 도움’, ‘모가 나를 돌봄’,‘모에 대한 신뢰감’,‘모와의 관계 재구성,’ ‘모의 무한한 사랑’,‘모녀가 서로를 돌봄’,‘모가 나를 대신함’으로 나타났다. 여성은 어머니와의 관계 연결성을 바탕으로 성장을 도모하고 있다. 어머니로부터의 모성적 돌봄의 재경험과 성숙한 관계에서 비롯된 자기 회복은 여성으로 하여금 자기 성장으로 나아가며, ‘나다운 나’로 살게 한다. 넷째, 여성은 임신과 출산 그리고 양육의 과정에서 홀로 ‘상황을 감내’하고자 하였다. ‘임신과 출산에 대한 간절함’, ‘신체적, 정서적 어려움’, ‘임신~초기 양육에 대한 이해가 부족함’,‘아이에 대한 염려, 아쉬움, 죄책감’ 등은 해당 시기에의 여성에 관한 이해와 적응을 높이기 위한 교육 및 여성을 위한 정서적 돌봄을 요청한다.
본 연구에서 성인기 여성은 일 또는 학업과 같은 활동을 통하여 현재 자신의 역할에 최선을 다하여 만족감과 성취감을 느끼고, 끊임없이 배우면서 조금씩이라도 성장하기를 원한다. 즉, 가장 ‘나다운 모습’으로 살아가고자 한다. 임신과 출산, 양육 시기에는 자아실현하는 ‘나다운 모습’에서의 우선순위가 변하기도 하고, 목표나 지향점이 수정되기도 하지만, 여성은 어머니 역할 외에도 개인의 정체성을 잃지 않고, 지속해서 자신의 잠재력을 발현할 수 있는 주체적 삶을 모색해나가고자 하는 적극성을 가진다. 또한, 여성은 어머니로부터의 모성적 돌봄 및 자기대상 경험을 하고, 관계적 상호성을 바탕으로 관계적 유능감 그리고 지속해서 성장할 수 있는 동력을 얻으며 다양한 형태의 자신의 창조성을 드러내고자 한다. 동시에 여성은 임신과 출산, 초기 양육 과정에서 시기에 따라 절대적 의존에서 성숙한 의존으로 나아가는 과정으로 나아간다. 이에 본 연구에서는 여성과 어머니 간의 건강한 상호 의존과 돌봄을 위한 ‘관계적 경계’와 ‘자기분화’에 주목한다. 본 연구에서는 임신부터 양육까지 개인과 사회가 함께하는 적극적인 양육 협력을 위하여 개인적, 사회적, 제도적 차원에서 논의하며, 목회적 돌봄 차원에서 개인, 가족, 교회, 사회 등의 관계적 상호성을 바탕으로 여성을 위한 돌봄을 요청한다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제1장 서론 ············································································································· 1
• 1. 연구 필요성 ·········································································································1
• 2. 연구 목적 및 연구 문제 ························································································6
• 3. 용어 정의 ···········································································································7
• 3.1. ‘자아실현’하려는 여성 ·····················································································7
• 3.2. 초기 양육 과정 ·······························································································8
• 3.3. (초기) 성인 여성 ····························································································9
• 3.4. 모녀 관계 상호성 ···························································································11
• 4. 선행 연구 ··········································································································12
• 4.1. 임신과 출산, 초기 양육 과정에서 여성의 경험 ··················································14
• 4.1.1. 임신과 출산 과정에서 여성의 정서적 경험 ····················································14
• 4.1.2. 모성 이데올로기와 여성의 어머니 됨 ····························································18
• 4.1.3. 양육 과정에서 여성의 자아정체감 혼란 ························································23
• 4.1.4. 여성의 자아실현 ·························································································26
• 4.2. 임신, 출산, 초기 양육 과정에서의 양육 협력 ···················································34
• 4.2.1. 조부모 양육지원 ·························································································34
• 4.2.2. 배우자 양육 협력 ························································································41
• 제2장 이론적 배경 ······························································································· 46
• 1. 자아실현에 대한 이해 ·························································································47
• 1.1. 인본주의적 관점에서의 자아실현 ····································································47
• 1.2. 실존적 관점에서의 자아실현 ···········································································50
• 1.3. 정신분석 관점에서의 자아실현 ·······································································53
• 2. 관계성에 대한 이해 ····························································································54
• 2.1. 관계문화이론(Relational-Cultural Therapy) ·············································54
• 2.1.1. 성장 지향적 관계 ·························································································56
• 2.1.2. 모녀 관계 상호성 ·························································································57
• 2.2. 한국 사회에서의 관계성 ·················································································60
• 2.2.1. 한국 가족주의 문화에서의 관계적 특징 ·························································61
• 2.2.2. 관계적 경계(Relational Boundary) ·························································63
• 2.3. Winnicott, 대상관계이론에서의 관계성 ························································67
• 2.3.1. 모성적 돌봄, ‘충분히 좋은 어머니’ ·······························································67
• 2.3.2. 모성적 돌봄, 촉진적 환경 ···········································································70
• 2.3.3. 창조적으로 살기 ························································································73
• 2.4. Kohut, 자기심리학에서의 관계성 ·································································75
• 2.4.1. 자기대상과의 관계에 초점을 맞추는 관계 중심성 ·········································76
• 2.4.2. 자기대상 사용과 성숙한 자기로의 성장 ·······················································78
• 3. 목회적 돌봄을 위한 이해 ····················································································80
• 3.1. 여성주의 목회적 돌봄 ····················································································80
• 3.1.1. 여성주의 (목회)신학과 (목회)상담 ······························································81
• 3.1.2. Christie Neuger의 목회신학 방법론 ························································83
• 3.2. Miller–McLemore의 목회 신학 ··································································86
• 3.2.1. 살아있는 인간 망(The Living Human Web) ···········································87
• 3.2.2. 상호적 관계 ······························································································89
• 3.2.3. 목회 돌봄의 확대:저항, 힘의 부여, 양육, 해방 ·············································91
• 제3장 연구방법론과 연구 과정 ············································································· 94
• 1. 질적 연구방법론과 현상학적 연구 ······································································94
• 1.1. 질적 연구 방법론 ···························································································94
• 1.2. 현상학적 연구 방법 ·······················································································97
• 1.3. 현상학적 연구의 철학적 배경: Edmund Husserl 중심으로 ···························99
• 1.4. 현상학적 연구 방법: Giorgi를 중심으로 ·······················································101
• 1.5. 예상되는 윤리적 문제에 대한 고려 ·······························································105
• 2. 연구 절차 및 과정 ···························································································106
• 2.1. 연구 설계 ···································································································107
• 2.2. 연구 진행 과정 ···························································································113
• 2.3. 연구 참여자 선정 및 소개 ············································································116
• 2.4. 연구 타당성 확보 ·······················································································118
• 제3장 결과 ········································································································ 119
• 1. 상황적 구조적 진술: 임신과 출산, 초기 양육 과정에서 여성의 자아실현과 모녀 관계 경험 ·········127
• 1.1. A의 자아실현과 모녀 관계 경험 ···································································127
• 1.2. B의 자아실현과 모녀 관계 경험 ···································································141
• 1.3. C의 자아실현과 모녀 관계 경험 ···································································152
• 1.4. D의 자아실현과 모녀 관계 경험 ···································································163
• 1.5. E의 자아실현과 모녀 관계 경험 ···································································174
• 1.6. F의 자아실현과 모녀 관계 경험 ···································································185
• 1.7. G의 자아실현과 모녀 관계 경험 ···································································197
• 1.8. H의 자아실현과 모녀 관계 경험 ···································································209
• 2. 일반적 구조적 진술: 임신과 출산, 초기 양육 과정에서 여성의 자아실현과 모녀 관계 경험 ·········220
• 2.1. 상황을 감내함 ·····························································································220
• 2.2. 당당하고 싶음 ····························································································226
• 2.3. 나다운 나 ···································································································232
• 2.4. 삶의 균형 ···································································································240
• 2.5. 내적 충만감 ································································································245
• 2.6. 모성적 돌봄의 재경험 ·················································································249
• 3. 자아실현과 모녀 관계 경험에서의 참여자들의 공통점과 차이점 ························261
• 제5장 논의 ······································································································· 269
• 1. 여성이 경험하는 임신과 출산 그리고 양육 과정 ················································269
• 1.1. 한국 사회에서 여성의 ‘어머니’되기 ······························································269
• 1.1.1. 임신과 출산은 오롯이 여성의 몫 ································································270
• 1.1.2. 단절의 경험 ·····························································································273
• 1.1.3. 여성의 성숙한 의존 ··················································································277
• 1.2. 어머니와의 관계 연결성을 바탕으로 성장 도모하기 ······································279
• 1.2.1. 모녀 관계 상호성에서의 힘 북돋기 ····························································280
• 2. 여성이 경험하는 어머니의 돌봄 ······································································285
• 2.1. 모성적 돌봄의 재경험 ·················································································285
• 2.2. 자기대상 경험과 관계의 성숙 ·····································································290
• 3. 건강한 모녀 관계 이어가기 ·············································································296
• 3.1. 관계에서의 갈등 예방하기 ··········································································296
• 3.2. 한국 사회에서 ‘관계적 경계’ 모색하기 ························································301
• 4. 여성의 자아실현 ····························································································310
• 4.1. 자아실현과 삶의 균형 ·················································································310
• 4.1.1. 참여자들의 자아실현,‘나다운 모습으로 살아가고 싶음’ ······························311
• 4.1.2. 이상적 목표를 현실적 목표로 수정함 ·······················································320
• 4.1.3. 심리적인 건강함에서 표현되는 재능과 기술 ··············································322
• 4.2. 관계적 상호성과 자아실현과의 연계성 ························································325
• 5. 개인과 사회, 국가가 함께하는 양육 ·································································330
• 5.1. 개인적 차원 ································································································330
• 5.2. 사회적 차원 ·······························································································332
• 5.3. 국가(제도)적 차원 ·····················································································334
• 6. 임신과 출산, 초기 양육 과정에 있는 여성들을 위한 목회적 돌봄 ·······················337
• 6.1. 상관관계적 나선 구축을 위한 기초 탐구 ······················································337
• 6.1.1. 여성의 경험 ···························································································338
• 6.1.2. 일상에 적용하는 신학적 체계 ·································································341
• 6.1.3. 심리학적 기초 ······················································································345
• 6.1.4. 긍정적 변화를 위한 임상 기초로의 상담이론 ··········································348
• 6.2. 임신과 출산, 양육을 경험한 여성을 위한 목회적 돌봄 방안 ·························351
• 6.2.1. 개인과 교회, 사회문화적 환경을 상호적 관계로 연결짓기 ·······················352
• 6.2.2. 확대된 목회적 돌봄 기능 적용하기 ························································355
• 제6장 결론 ····································································································· 363
• 1. 연구 요약 ·····································································································363
• 2. 연구 의의 ····································································································367
• 3. 연구 한계 및 제언 ························································································369
• 참고문헌 ········································································································ 371
• Abstract ······································································································ 407