About six years have passed since the leaders of North and South Korea met in 2018 and announced the historic Panmunjom Declaration. The atmosphere of peace on the Korean Peninsula has become more ripe than ever, with the first ever North Korea-US sum...
About six years have passed since the leaders of North and South Korea met in 2018 and announced the historic Panmunjom Declaration. The atmosphere of peace on the Korean Peninsula has become more ripe than ever, with the first ever North Korea-US summit held in Singapore and cooperation between North and South Korea becoming more active. However, after the unexpected collapse of the second North Korea-US summit held in Hanoi, Vietnam in early 2019, the situation on the Korean Peninsula has deteriorated. It cooled down again. Since then, the confrontation between South Korea, the United States, and Japan versus North Korea, China, and Russia is showing a tendency to intensify amidst the intense international situation, such as the revival of a new Cold War structure due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022. To the present, North Korea has been showing off its new weapons and enhanced nuclear power by holding large-scale military parades at Kim Il-sung Square in Pyongyang whenever major political events are held, including the Korean Workers' Party congress. At the same time, regarding South Korea, Kim Jong-un directly declared in early 2024 that the inter-Korean relationship is not a cognational but two countries hostile each other. The future of inter-Korean reconciliation and cooperation looks even more bleak as they are clearly showing their attitude that they will not deal with South Korea.
However, the more severe times are, the more important not to give up on the changing circumstances of the future and the vision of unification of the Korean Peninsula. For korea, Germany could be good example. Even if germans are making fully unifying country thesedays, but only few people expected German reunification is impossible. Due to the sudden entry into the unification phase with collapse of Berlin wall, all the people at the time of unification went through considerable difficulties to control the influx of refugees and proceed with various procedures for national integration within a short period of time. But ultimately they overcame many obstacles and germnay become one of the thriving countries in the world. Like german case, Despite the difficulties of the current situation on the Korean Peninsula, research at various levels to create a vision for unification must be pursued without hesitation.
Among many fields, the issue of police integration is of very high importance in the unification phase of the Korean Peninsula. Under the assumption that peaceful unification, which is preferred by the majority of the people, Police organization should do the most important jobs to stably manages the chaos of the transitional period of unification. Even in Germany, which had previously achieved unification, it unexpectedly entered a phase of unification, causing considerable political and social chaos, with numerous refugees from East Germany flowing into West Germany and government offices being looted by citizens. At this time, the West German police organization actively responded to changes in the situation and constructively communicated with the leadership of the East German People's Police to quickly integrate the organization and take the lead in social stabilization. To this day, the police organization, along with the military, is recognized as the organization that contributed most to the unification process of East and West Germany when not only East Germany but also West Germany's government agencies were unable to properly manage the situation. Although the current international issues surrounding North Korea and the situation of inter-Korean relations are frozen, it is necessary to conduct continuous research on the issue of integration of the police organizations of North and South Korea, which is expected to play the biggest role when the actual unification phase is started.
The agency in charge of public security is the National Police Agency in South Korea and the Ministry of Social Security in North Korea. The two organizations established after liberation have experienced many ups and downs in their names and affiliations until recently, but the basic nature of their work, which is responsible for maintaining public order, including criminal investigation and security and transportation, has not changed, and both South Korea and North Korea's security organizations are centralized recently. A centralized national police system has been adopted and operated both sides. Therefore, researchers who have conducted research on the police integration between South and North so far have discussed based on the premise of the national police system. However, in Korea, the national police system is being converted to the autonomous police system since 2021. The autonomous police system is operated mainly in developed countries with advanced democracy, and is characterized by the will of local residents being reflected in police activities and the unique characteristics of each region can be taken into account, rather than national police system. Now that the national police system, which is the fundamental framework has been converted to an autonomous police system in Korea, a new paradigm to discuss police integration in korean peninsula. As mentioned above, police integration research, which is significantly different from the previous one, is being called for.
In this study, we will focus on the development of police integration during the German unification process and based on german case, taking a comprehensive look at the police integration plan and its prerequisites on the Korean Peninsula. Germany has been the main reference country for research on North-South unification since it succeeded in unification using the method of peace which is pursued also by Korea. In particular, right before unification, West Germany had an autonomous police system and East Germany had a national police system, operating a centralized people's police. It is largely consistent with the critical awareness of this study. We will analyze the background and characteristics of the establishment of police organizations in East and West Germany, the internal and external situations just before unification, and simulitaneously look at the overall aspects, including the process through which police integration was carried out and how the reappointment of former people's police officers was proceeded. And even though political unification has been achieved, problems in the security sector that are expected to arise during the transition period are predicted and solutions are sought for each case. In this process, we will draw implications that can be found in the police integration process at the time of German unification and apply them to the situation on the Korean Peninsula to examine the specific direction of North and South Korean police integration.
In the police integration of North and South Korea, this study set a ‘transitional period’ as a period. Assuming a unified country as well as a liberal democratic system that guarantees the human rights of the people, the overall picture will take the form of South Korea's system being transplanted to North Korea, but the heterogeneity of North and South Korea is too great to achieve complete unification simply through political and legal unification. Unconditionally applying one side's order to the other without sufficient preparation will result in numerous social pathologies, and in order to prevent this, a transitional period is needed to maintain some of North Korea's existing legal order, social safety organizational structure, etc. for a certain period of time after unification.
In this transition period, the concept of ‘temporary separation’ was applied. The concept of temporary separation is mainly a concept that two different entities should gradually achieve integration while being wary of the side effects that immediate unification may cause during the process of unification and integration of a country or system. Temporary separation is a concept that has been mainly discussed in the economic field. Two state systems which have maintained differently, suddenly enter a phase of unification, the side with weaker economic power is allowed to gradually maintain economic growth over a transition period until its internal economic capabilities grow to a certain level. This is desirable way to achieve integration. Concept of Temporary separation in the economic sector also occurred during the unification of East and West Germany. Incorporation of newly created federal states in East Germany into West Germany's fiscal equalization system was postponed for 5 years, and the German Unification Fund was established to support the economic development of the new federal state during this period. This is a representative example of temporary separation.
In the same context, the autonomous police system currently in operation in South Korea cannot be immediately applied to North Korea immediately. Basic premise for operating an autonomous police system is that people's level of democratic awareness. People’s congnition should be advanced and the local self-governance system also needs to be developed. But there is still no development in resident’s awareness of the democratic system or the autonomy of local governments in North. So it is inappropriate to introduce an autonomous police system in the current situation in North Korea. During the transition period, the national police system is needed to maintain security in the North Korean region, and then the introduction of an autonomous police system for the entire Korean Peninsula should be considered gradually depending on the level of improvement in conditions in the North Korean region.
Of course, preparations for police integration must continue from the present, not when unification has become visible. First, establishing a new organization within the National Police Agency to take charge of the issue of inter-Korean police integration while promoting cooperation projects between North and South Korean police organizations according to the improvement in inter-Korean relations are tasks that can be pursued at this point. And the integration of the police legal system, including the criminal law and criminal procedure law, should be improved after unification should be seriously considered at this point, focusing on academia and the security field.