This study critically analyzes the generation and development process of discourses on the High School Credit System from its official policy formulation in 2017 to the first half of 2024, and examines its characteristics and implications. The researc...
This study critically analyzes the generation and development process of discourses on the High School Credit System from its official policy formulation in 2017 to the first half of 2024, and examines its characteristics and implications. The research was conducted in stages of preparation, data collection, data analysis, and result presentation. Specifically, during the data analysis stage, Fairclough's critical discourse analysis was utilized to analyze text and discourse practices, and to investigate the formation, development, and competition processes of discourses. In the final stage, considering socio-cultural practices, the study analyzed discourses on the formation and change process of the High School Credit System policy, and derived its characteristics and implications.
First, the analysis of the formation, development, and competition processes of discourses revealed that the High School Credit System was introduced with the aim of student-centered education and normalization of public education. However, it faced structural contradictions as it clashed with the existing university entrance examination system. While this policy emphasized students' 'individuality' and 'autonomy' in pursuit of personalized education, it tended to exacerbate educational inequality in practice.
Second, in the debates surrounding the reduction of the learning load under the High School Credit System, conflicting ideologies emerged: one emphasizing efficiency focused on the 'quality' of education, and the other pursuing national competitiveness through 'quantitative expansion.' This reflects the structural issues of Korean education, with the entrance exam-centered system and intense educational fervor serving as the backdrop to these debates.
Third, discourses on 'choice' and 'responsibility' within the High School Credit System functioned as key elements in legitimizing a neoliberal perspective on education. While ostensibly advocating for student-centered education, the system effectively shifted responsibility onto individuals for their choices. Consequently, it weakened the public nature of education and developed in a direction that reinforced individual accountability.
Fourth, analysis of the structural relationship between the High School Credit System and the college admission system revealed that the current admission framework and evaluation system act as limiting factors to the essential goals of the High School Credit System. In particular, the discrepancy between the relative evaluation-centered school record assessment and the college admission system, as well as the structural limitations of the Korean College Scholastic Ability Test (KSAT)-centric approach, were found to be obstacles in realizing the fundamental values of the High School Credit System.
Furthermore, an in-depth discussion on the socio-cultural practices of the High School Credit System discourse yielded the following characteristics and implications: First, the autonomy discourse of "choice and responsibility" advocated by the High School Credit System was found to function as a new form of control mechanism in practice. This reflected the fundamental contradiction arising from the clash between neoliberal educational views and the discourse of education as a public good. Consequently, the freedom of "choice" remained largely formal, revealing a reality where choices were inevitably constrained within the framework of "college admissions" and the "Korean College Scholastic Ability Test (KSAT)".
Second, the introduction process of the High School Credit System showed patterns of reproducing neoliberal educational discourse. The discourse emphasizing "choice" and "responsibility" was actually functioning as a mechanism that limited teachers' professionalism and autonomy, resulting in weakened public nature of education and intensified competition.
Third, it became evident that the tension between resolving high school hierarchies and diversifying schools was acting as a central dilemma in educational reform within the High School Credit System. Frequent policy changes due to alternating progressive and conservative administrations were functioning as a structural mechanism limiting educational innovation, and this conflict structure was hindering the realization of the essential purpose of the High School Credit System.
This study reveals that while the high school credit system ostensibly emphasizes student-centered autonomy, it actually functions as a neoliberal control mechanism that may exacerbate educational inequality. The research also confirms the persistent influence of educational opportunity disparities based on school size and location, as well as the structure of education centered on college entrance exams. To address these issues, a fundamental reform of the evaluation system and college admission process is necessary, along with the introduction of a consistent assessment system focused on student growth. The high school credit system should serve as an opportunity for fundamental reflection on the essential values and direction of education in Korean society, progressing towards an educational system that fosters social solidarity and community consciousness beyond individual growth.