John Breitling Coulter (1891.04.27-1983.03.06) assumed the post of 2nd USFK commander after the independence of the Republic of Korea. He served as the deputy commander of the US 8th Army and the liaison officer of the UN Commission for the Unificatio...
John Breitling Coulter (1891.04.27-1983.03.06) assumed the post of 2nd USFK commander after the independence of the Republic of Korea. He served as the deputy commander of the US 8th Army and the liaison officer of the UN Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea (UNCURK). After the war, he served as the director of the United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency (UNKRA) from 1953 to 1958, and contributed greatly to the reconstruction of the Republic of Korea. Syngman Rhee erected his statue on the site of Itaewon overlooking the Han River on October 16, 1959, and it was moved to the vicinity of the back gate of Children's Grand Park in Seoul on September 7, 1977 due to the construction of Namsan Tunnel No. 3.
This study divided the character of Coulter into five periods and analyzed his influence on US-ROK relations. The first dealt with Coulter, who was appointed as the 2nd commander of the USFK after the independence of the Republic of Korea. Since independence, he has acted as a mediator between Syngman Rhee, who has demanded a ROK-US Mutual Defense Agreement, and Washington, who has sought to cut economic and military aid after World War II. In order to ensure the smooth operation and security of the new government, he signed a separate agreement with Syngman Rhee to support the ROK security forces, controlled key areas and facilities until the US forces withdrew, and supported the suppression of the ROK Army 14th Regiment Rebellion Incident in Yeosu. Secondly, this article looked at Coulter, who returned to Korea as a military commander during the Korean War. As Deputy Commander of the US Eighth Army, he commanded the US 1st Corps and the ROK 1st Corps, and led Task Force Jackson to defend the Nakdong River defense line at the Battle of Gigye-Angang-Pohang. The third analyzed Coulter, who served as a communication channel between Ridgway and Syngman Rhee as a UNCURK liaison officer from May to September 1951. It was by no means easy to convey the opinions of Truman, who raised the banner of limited war, and Ridgway, who agreed with him, to Syngman Rhee, who wanted March-North-unification and arming of Korean forces. He visited Syngman Rhee with Muccio and served as a communication channel between Korea and the United States and as a mediator of conflicts. Also, when Syngman Rhee inspected the front lines, he accompanied him around the country and served as a liaison officer. The fourth described Coulter as the UNKRA agent general. In the complex relationship between Korea, Washington, and the UN, he claimed that Syngman Rhee used Coulter with a triple identity to achieve what he wanted. Due to Eisenhower's New Look policy, fiscal and foreign aid reductions were aggressively pursued, and a reverse course policy was implemented for Japan, but Coulter reduced unnecessary UNKRA fiscal expenditures to increase reconstruction support costs, imported non-consumer goods raw materials and focused on factory construction, which helped Korea's reconstruction. Lastly, the fifth section looked at the role of Coulter after the resignation of UNKRA agent general. After gaining the trust of Syngman Rhee, Coulter was asked to come as a UN special adviser to Korean government, but it was not made due to Hammarskjold's refusal. Instead, Coulter provided political advice via Ambassador Yang Yu-chan, and after 4.19, he exchanged letters of comfort and encouragement with Syngman Rhee and his wife as personal friends. In addition, although Coulter served as KCFF's chairman, it was revealed through analysis of the Fraser report that Coulter had nothing to do with KCFF's later involvement with Korean Gate.
This study was conducted by raising the problem that there is no independent study on Coulter, a person who played a relatively pivotal role in Korean modern history and US-ROK relations, in the academic world. It is also significant that it was the first to obtain and release the The John B. Coulter Papers, 1912~1982, stored in the US Army History and Education Center.