Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is associated with progressive structural and cognitive decline. Brain-predicted age models offer a quantitative biomarker of neurobiological aging, but no prior study has comprehensively evaluated regional brain a...
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is associated with progressive structural and cognitive decline. Brain-predicted age models offer a quantitative biomarker of neurobiological aging, but no prior study has comprehensively evaluated regional brain age patterns or linked them to both early and long-term surgical outcomes. This study assessed functional-network–specific Brain Age Index (BAI) in MTLE and examined how clinical features relate to pathological brain aging.
We analyzed 217 MTLE patients who underwent resective surgery and 6,243 healthy controls. Regional brain age was estimated using graph convolutional network models trained on T1-weighted MRI from healthy controls. BAI was computed for 9 functional networks (auditory, default mode, dorsal attention, frontoparietal, limbic, salience, sensorimotor, ventral attention-language, visual) and one anatomical region (parahippocampal gyrus) in each hemisphere. Group comparisons, ipsilateral–contralateral differences, and clinical associations (onset age, bilateral tonic–clonic seizures (BTCS)) were tested using linear mixed-effects models. Preoperative BAI was further evaluated as a predictor of 2-year and 5-year Engel surgical outcomes.
MTLE patients showed markedly higher BAI across all networks compared with controls. Ipsilateral and contralateral BAIs comparison showed ipsilateral elevation in the dorsal attention and ventral attention–language networks. Earlier age at onset was strongly associated with higher BAI across nearly all networks. BTCS history was linked to broadly elevated BAI, especially across contralateral auditory, sensorimotor, salience, ventral attention–language, default and visual networks. BAI showed minimal association with 2-year surgical results, except for the ipsilateral ventral attention–language network. By 5 years, however, higher BAI in bilateral frontoparietal, contralateral auditory, and ipsilateral ventral attention–language networks significantly predicted unfavorable outcomes, indicating that accelerated preoperative brain aging more strongly influences long-term seizure recurrence.
MTLE is characterized by diffuse, bilateral acceleration of brain aging that extends far beyond the mesial temporal focus. Preoperative BAI has prognostic value for long-term surgical outcomes, underscoring the importance of timely surgical intervention.