남녀 중학생의 부/모 애착과 또래괴롭힘 방어, 방관행동의 관계: 정서조절과 사회적 자기효능감의 매개효과 = The Structural Relations among Attachment, Emotion Regulation, Social Self-Efficacy, Defending and Outsider Behaviors of Middle School Students

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 부/모와의 애착과 또래괴롭힘 방어 및 방관행동 간의 관계를 정서조절, 사회적 자기효능감이 매개하는지 살펴보았다. 서울, 경기, 부산, 충주 지역 소재의 중학교 1, 2학년 579명(남: 292, 여: 287)을 대상으로 자기보고식 설문지를 활용, 자료를 수집하였으며 성별로 다집단 분석을 실시하였다. 남학생과 여학생 모두 애착에서 방어, 방관행동으로의 직접 경로를 제외한 완전매개 모형이 더 적합하였고, 모형의 적합도는 양호한 수준이었다. 남학생과 여학생 모두 모 애착이 방어행동에 영향을 미치는 관계에서 정서조절이 매개변인 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 부 애착이 정서조절을 통해 방어행동에 영향을 미치는 경로는 남학생의 경우에만 유의하였으며, 모 애착이 정서조절과 사회적 자기효능감 모두를 통해 방어행동에 영향을 미치는 이중매개 효과는 여학생의 경우에만 나타났다. 한편, 모 애착이 정서조절을 통해 방관행동에 영향을 미치는 경로는 여학생의 경우에만 유의하였다. 이러한 결과는 또래괴롭힘 주변인을 대상으로 한 프로그램 개발 시에 성차를 고려해야 함을 시사하며, 이를 바탕으로 효과적 개입전략에 대해 논의하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study examined how personal characteristics such as emotion regulation and social self-efficacy mediate the relations between paternal/maternal attachment and defending or outsider behaviors. A total of 579 middle school students participated in this study. Data were analyzed by gender, using Structural Equation Modeling. The results indicated that a complete mediation model without the direct effect of attachment was better than a partial mediation model, regardless of gender. A mediating effect of emotion regulation was significant between maternal attachment and defending behaviors in all gender. However, emotion regulation mediated the relation between paternal attachment and defending behaviors only among boys. A mediating effect of emotion regulation was significant between maternal attachment and outsider behaviors only among girls. In addition, emotion regulation and social efficacy both served as mediators on the relations between maternal attachment and defending behaviors only among girls. Based on these findings, effective prevention/intervention strategies were discussed. The importance of gender-specific approach was also emphasized.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 도현심, "초기 청소년의 또래에 의한 괴롭힘: 부모에 대한 애착, 또래거부 및 우정관계와의 관계" 21 (21): 307-322, 2000

2 송경희, "청소년의 마음읽기 능력과 또래괴롭힘의 관계: 도덕적 이탈‧도덕적 정서의 매개효과를 중심으로" 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 23 (23): 105-124, 2010

3 김희화, "청소년의 또래 괴롭힘 가해 및 피해와 자아존중감간의 관계: 친구지지의 영향" 대한가정학회 40 (40): 47-61, 2002

4 곽윤정, "청소년을 위한 정서지능 프로그램의 효과 분석 : 정서지능과 심리적 안녕감을 중심으로" 한국청소년학회 17 (17): 263-281, 2010

5 옥 정, "청소년기 애착 안정성과 우울성향의 관계 : 지각된 유능감(Perceived Competence)의 매개효과를 중심으로" 梨花女子大學校 大學院 1998

6 문용린, "정서지능 연구의 성과와 전망" 서울大學敎師範大學敎育硏究所 1998

7 양경수, "아버지의 양육태도와 유아의 친사회적 행동의 관계에서 자기효능감의 매개효과" 대한가정학회 49 (49): 75-84, 2011

8 옥 정, "아버지 애착표상, 아버지 탐색민감성, 유아 애착안정성 및 유아 발달간의 관계" 이화여자대학교 대학원 2012

9 심희옥, "아동이 지각한 부모의 양육행동과 또래 괴롭힘에 관한 단기종단연구：아동의 성을 중심으로" 한국아동학회 31 (31): 1-17, 2010

10 김연화, "아동의 또래괴롭힘 참여유형의 판별변인 분석" 한국아동학회 32 (32): 19-41, 2011

11 서미정, "방관자의 집단 특성에 따른 또래괴롭힘 참여 역할행동" 한국아동학회 29 (29): 79-96, 2008

12 장미희, "모애착, 거부민감성, 정서조절능력이 아동의 또래관계에 미치는 영향" 한국놀이치료학회 14 (14): 35-53, 2011

13 최미경, "또래에 의한 괴롭힘이청소년의 자아존중감에 미치는 영향에 관한 단기 종단적 연구: 애착 및 우정관계의 역할" 21 (21): 85-105, 2000

14 최보가, "또래괴롭힘이 아동의외로움과 불안에 미치는 영향-초등학생과 중학생을 대상으로-" 37 (37): 111-121, 1999

15 심희옥, "또래 괴롭힘과 대인간 행동특성에 관한 횡단 및 단기종단연구：참여자 역할을 중심으로" 한국아동학회 26 (26): 263-280, 2005

16 차윤희, "또래 괴롭힘 상황에서 학령기 아동의 역할과 사회적 이해" 연세대학교 대학원 2005

17 오승은, "남녀 청소년의 마음읽기 능력과 또래괴롭힘의 관계: 냉담-무정서 특성의 조절효과" 교육연구소 12 (12): 147-169, 2011

18 백지현, "남녀 청소년의 또래괴롭힘 참여자 역할 유형에 따른 인지적·정서적·사회적 특성" 이화여자대학교 대학원 2010

19 송경희, "남녀 중학생의 정서적 ․ 인지적 특성, 부모의 양육행동과 또래괴롭힘의 관계" 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 22 (22): 1-22, 2009

20 김은아, "남녀 중학생의 또래괴롭힘 방어행동과 공감, 자기효능감, 학급규준에 대한 믿음의 관계" 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 24 (24): 59-77, 2011

21 Pöyhönen, V., "What does it take to stand up for the victim of bullying?: The interplay between personal and social factors" 56 : 143-163, 2010

22 Kärnä, A., "Vulnerable children in varying classroom contexts: Bystanders’ behaviors moderate the effects of risk factors on victimization" 56 : 261-282, 2010

23 Sainio, M., "Victims and their defenders: A dyadic approach" 35 : 1-8, 2010

24 Troy, M., "Victimization among preschoolers: Role of attachment relationship history" 26 : 166-172, 1987

25 Caravita, S. C. S., "Unique and interactive effects of empathy and social status on involvement in bullying" 18 : 140-163, 2009

26 Janson, G. R., "Trauma reactions of bystanders and victims to repetitive abuse experiences" 19 : 239-255, 2004

27 Grossmann, K., "The uniqueness of the child-father attachment relationship: Fathers’ sensitive and challenging play as a pivotal variable in a 16 year longitudinal study" 11 : 307-331, 2002

28 Vorbach, A. M., "The relationship between emotional competence and social competence in early adolescence" Education Resources Information Center 2003

29 Ross, L., "The person and the situation: Perspectives of social psychology" McGraw-Hill 1991

30 Gourneau, B., "Students’ perspectives of bullying in schools" 5 : 117-126, 2012

31 Byrne, B. M., "Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications and programming" L. Erlbaum 1998

32 Salmivalli, C., "Stability and change of behavior in connection with bullying in schools: A two-year follow-up" 24 : 205-218, 1998

33 Jacklin, C. N., "Sex-typing behavior and sex-typing pressure in child/parent interaction" 13 : 413-425, 1984

34 Caprara, G. V., "Self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of prosocial behavior conducive to life satisfaction across ages" 24 : 191-217, 2005

35 Bandura, A., "Role of affective self-regulatory efficacy in diverse spheres of psychological functioning" 74 : 769-782, 2003

36 Monks, C. P., "Psychological correlates of peer victimisation in preschool: Social cognitive skills, executive function and attachment profiles" 31 : 571-588, 2005

37 Kumpulainen K., "Psychiatric disorders and the use of mental health services among children involved in bullying" 27 : 102-110, 2001

38 Parke, R. D., "Progress, paradigms, and unresolved problems: A commentary of recent advances in our understanding of children’s emotions" 40 : 157-169, 1994

39 Coleman, P. K., "Perceptions of parent-child attachment, social self-efficacy and peer relationships in middle childhood" 12 : 351-368, 2003

40 O'Connell, P., "Peer involvement in bullying: Insights and challenges for intervention" 22 : 437-452, 1999

41 Rivers, I., "Observing bullying at school: The mental health implications of witness status" 24 : 211-223, 2009

42 Hawkins, D., "Naturalistic observations of peer interventions in bullying" 10 : 512-527, 2001

43 Puckett, M. B., "Moderators of the association between relational aggression and perceived popularity" 34 : 563-576, 2008

44 Greenberg, M. T., "Inventory of parent and peer attachment (IPPA)" The Prevention Research Center for the Promotion of Human Development

45 Cappadocia, M. C., "Individual motivations and characteristics associated with bystander intervention during bullying episodes among children and youth" 2012

46 Starrels, M., "Gender differences in parent-child relations" 15 : 148-165, 1994

47 Maccoby, E. E., "Gender and relationships: A developmental account" 45 : 513-520, 1990

48 Rigby, K., "Expressed readiness of Australian schoolchildren to act as bystanders in support of children who are being bullied" 26 : 425-440, 2006

49 Maeda, R., "Empathy, emotion regulation, and perspective taking as predictors of children’s participation in bullying" University of Washington 2004

50 Eisenberg, N., "Emotion, regulation, and moral development" 51 : 665-697, 2000

51 Thompson, R. A., "Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition" 59 : 25-52, 1994

52 Contreras, J. M., "Emotion regulation as a mediator of associations between mother-child attachment and peer relationships in middle childhood" 14 : 111-124, 2000

53 Renken, B., "Early childhood antecedents of aggression and passive-withdrawal in early elementary school" 57 : 257-281, 1989

54 Caravita, S. C. S., "Early adolescents' participation in bullying: Is ToM involved?" 30 : 138-170, 2010

55 Gini, G., "Does empathy predict adolescents bullying and defending behavior?" 33 : 467-476, 2007

56 Mcdowell, D., "Display rule application in a disappointing situation and children's emotional reactivity: Relations with social competence" 46 : 306-324, 2000

57 Gini, G., "Determinants of adolescents’ active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying" 31 : 93-105, 2008

58 Hu, L. T., "Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives" 6 : 1-55, 1999

59 Bentler, P. M., "Comparative fit indexes in structural models" 107 : 238-246, 1990

60 Mcdowell, D., "Children's emotional regulation and social competence in middle childhood" 34 : 345-364, 2002

61 Lamb, M., "Characteristics of maternal and paternal behavior in traditional and nontraditional Swedish families" 5 : 131-141, 1982

62 Salmivalli, C., "Bystanders matter: Associations between reinforcing, defending, and the frequency of bullying behavior in classrooms" 40 : 668-676, 2011

63 Klomek, A. B., "Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents" 46 : 40-49, 2007

64 Eliot, M., "Bullying in middle school as a function of insecure attachment and aggressive attitudes" 30 : 201-214, 2009

65 Salmivalli, C., "Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group" 22 : 1-15, 1996

66 Salmivalli, C., "Bullying and peer group: A review" 15 : 112-120, 2010

67 Mallinckrodt, B., "Attachment, social competencies, social support, and psychological distress" 52 : 358-367, 2005

68 Vondra, J. I., "Attachment stability and emotional and behavioral regulation from infancy to preschool age" 13 : 13-33, 2001

69 Bowlby, J., "Attachment and loss: Attachment (2nd ed.)" Basic Books 1982

70 Nickerson, A. B., "Attachment and empathy as predictors of roles as defenders or outsiders in bullying interactions" 46 : 687-703, 2008

71 Sobel, M. E., "Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models, In Sociological Methodology" Jossey-Bass 290-313, 1982

72 Olweus, D., "Aggression in schools: Bullies and whipping boys" Hemisphere 1978

73 Pozzoli, T., "Active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying: The role of personal characteristics and perceived peer pressure" 38 : 815-827, 2010

74 Tucker, L. R., "A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis" 38 : 1-10, 1973

75 Pellegrini, A. D., "A longitudinal study of bullying, dominance, and victimization during the transition from primary school through secondary school" 20 : 259-280, 2002

76 Kärnä, , A., "A large-scale evaluation of the KiVa anti-bullying program : Grades 4-6" 82 : 311-330, 2011

77 청소년폭력예방재단, "2011년 전국 학교폭력 실태조사 발표 및 경향" YMCA 5-35, 2012